Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase (PAL) Activity and its Relationship to Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Levels in New Zealand-grown Apple Cultivars

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was measured in a range of New Zealand-grown apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars at three stages of fruit development. Anthocyanin and total flavonoid levels were also measured (by HPLC) in the same fruit. There was wide variation in the level of PAL activity, anthocyanin and total flavonoid levels in different apple cultivars and at different stages of development. There was no apparent correlation between average PAL activity over the three developmental stages and final anthocyanin concentration ( r = 0.34, P > 0.1), but there was significant correlation between average PAL activity over the three developmental stages and the final concentration of total flavonoids ( r = 0.75, P 0.1) or total flavonoid levels ( r = 0.15, P > 0.1). These results suggest that PAL activity has an influence on total flavonoid levels in the fruit but that PAL-IS does not. Anthocyanin levels are likely controlled at a point in the flavonoid pathway other than PAL or PAL-IS.

[1]  John R. L. Walker,et al.  Developmental changes in the concentration and composition of flavonoids in skin of a red and a green apple cultivar , 1994 .

[2]  C. Lister.  Biochemistry of fruit colour in apples (Malus pumila Mill.). , 1994 .

[3]  Patrick J. Breen,et al.  Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and concentrations of anthocyanins and phenolics in developing strawberry fruit , 1991 .

[4]  Chang Yong Lee,et al.  Phenolic compounds and their changes in apples during maturation and cold storage , 1990 .

[5]  John R. L. Walker,et al.  Phenolic biosynthesis during grain development in wheat: changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and soluble phenolic content , 1990 .

[6]  D. Grierson,et al.  Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity and Anthocyanin Synthesis in Ripening Strawberry Fruit , 1988 .

[7]  A. Sugiura,et al.  Color development of 4 Apple Cultivars Grown in the Southwest of Japan, with Special Reference to Fruit Bagging , 1988 .

[8]  S. Blankenship,et al.  Pal and ethylene content during maturation of red and golden delicious apples , 1988 .

[9]  M. Y. Coseteng,et al.  Changes in Apple Polyphenoloxidase and Polyphenol Concentrations in Relation to Degree of Browning , 1987 .

[10]  M. Bopp,et al.  Anthocyanin Turnover in Sinapis alba L. , 1987 .

[11]  O. Arakawa,et al.  Characteristics of Color Development and Relationship between Anthocyanin Synthesis and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in ‘Starking Delicious’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Mutsu’ Apple Fruits , 1986 .

[12]  R. Dixon,et al.  L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Characterisation and differential induction of multiple forms from elicitor-treated cell suspension cultures. , 1985, European journal of biochemistry.

[13]  D. Jones,et al.  PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE - REGULATION OF ITS INDUCTION, AND ITS ROLE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT , 1984 .

[14]  J. Faragher,et al.  Anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin during ripening: Regulation by ethylene and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase , 1984 .

[15]  J. Faragher.  Temperature Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Skin , 1983 .

[16]  G. Forkmann,et al.  Relationship between Flower Development, Anthocyanin Accumulation and Activity o f Enzymes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Matthiola incana R. Br , 1983 .

[17]  S. C. Tan.  Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system: Effects of light, temperature and mineral deficiencies. , 1980 .

[18]  S. Tan.  Relationships and Interactions between Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase, Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Inactivating System, and Anthocyanin in Apples1 , 1979, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

[19]  K. Hahlbrock,et al.  Enzymic Controls in the Biosynthesis of Lignin and Flavonoids , 1979 .

[20]  Yoshiyuki Tanaka,et al.  Some investigations on inactivation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cut-injured sweet potato root tissue , 1977 .

[21]  館岡 孝,et al.  懸濁培養したタバコカルスにおけるphenylalanine ammonia-lyase , 1977 .

[22]  J. Faragher,et al.  Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. III.* Involvement of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase , 1977 .

[23]  U. Margna.  Control at the level of substrate supply—an alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells , 1977 .

[24]  M. M. Bradford.  A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. , 1976, Analytical biochemistry.

[25]  L. Creasy.  Phenylalanine ammonia lyase-inactivating system in sunflower leaves , 1976 .

[26]  G. Towers,et al.  REVIEW ARTICLE PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE , 1973 .

[27]  M. Zucker.  Light and Enzymes , 1972 .

[28]  S. Aoki,et al.  L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activities in Japanese Chestnut, Strawberry Apple Fruit, and Bracken , 1970 .

[29]  T. Swain,et al.  The effect of light on the activity of enzymes of the aromatic pathway in peas and mung beans. , 1970 .

[30]  T. Swain,et al.  The role of phenylalanine in flavonoid biosynthesis. , 1970 .

[31]  S. Hasegawa,et al.  l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and naringenin glycoside accumulation in developing grapefruit , 1970 .

[32]  M. Zucker,et al.  Induction of Phenylalanine Deaminase by Light and its Relation to Chlorogenic Acid Synthesis in Potato Tuber Tissue. , 1965, Plant physiology.

[33]  J. Walker.  Studies on the enzymic browning of apple fruit. , 1962 .