Applications of microfluidics and microchip electrophoresis for potential clinical biomarker analysis

This article reviews advances over the last five years in microfluidics and microchip-electrophoresis techniques for detection of clinical biomarkers. The variety of advantages of miniaturization compared with conventional benchtop methods for detecting biomarkers has resulted in increased interest in developing cheap, fast, and sensitive techniques. We discuss the development of applications of microfluidics and microchip electrophoresis for analysis of different clinical samples for pathogen identification, personalized medicine, and biomarker detection. We emphasize the advantages of microfluidic techniques over conventional methods, which make them attractive future diagnostic tools. We also discuss the versatility and adaptability of this technology for analysis of a variety of biomarkers, including lipids, small molecules, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and cells. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of aspects that need to be improved to move this technology towards routine clinical and point-of-care applications.

[1]  W. Alley,et al.  Comparative profiling of N-glycans isolated from serum samples of ovarian cancer patients and analyzed by microchip electrophoresis. , 2013, Journal of proteome research.

[2]  I. Hochberg,et al.  Haptoglobin phenotype and coronary artery collaterals in diabetic patients. , 2002, Atherosclerosis.

[3]  Changgan Huang,et al.  Fast haptoglobin phenotyping based on microchip electrophoresis. , 2011, Talanta.

[4]  Jonathan V Sweedler,et al.  Application of capillary electrophoresis for the early diagnosis of cancer , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[5]  Tsung-Yun Liu,et al.  Quantitative determination of 8-isoprostaglandin F(2α) in human urine using microfluidic chip-based nano-liquid chromatography with on-chip sample enrichment and tandem mass spectrometry. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[6]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  A fast and highly sensitive detection of cholesterol using polymer microfluidic devices and amperometric system. , 2011, Talanta.

[7]  R. Kennedy,et al.  Western blotting using microchip electrophoresis interfaced to a protein capture membrane. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  A. Tuantranont,et al.  Fast cholesterol detection using flow injection microfluidic device with functionalized carbon nanotubes based electrochemical sensor. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  Haixu Tang,et al.  Interlaboratory Study on Differential Analysis of Protein Glycosylation by Mass Spectrometry: The ABRF Glycoprotein Research Multi-Institutional Study 2012* , 2013, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[10]  Carsten Wiuf,et al.  Short Tandem Repeats in Human Exons: A Target for Disease Mutations , 2008, BMC Genomics.

[11]  J. Wiltfang,et al.  Microchip electrophoresis profiling of Aβ peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[12]  R. Krauss,et al.  Development of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distributions from a single, rapid measurement. , 1992, Clinical chemistry.

[13]  Yen-Heng Lin,et al.  Integrating solid-state sensor and microfluidic devices for glucose, urea and creatinine detection based on enzyme-carrying alginate microbeads. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[14]  R. John,et al.  Nanostructured anatase-titanium dioxide based platform for application to microfluidics cholesterol biosensor , 2012 .

[15]  Gwo-Bin Lee,et al.  Integrated microfluidic system for the identification and multiple subtyping of influenza viruses by using a molecular diagnostic approach , 2012 .

[16]  Debby Mangelings,et al.  Microfluidics in macro-biomolecules analysis: macro inside in a nano world , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[17]  Amanda G. Paulovich,et al.  An Automated and Multiplexed Method for High Throughput Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment and Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry-based Quantification of Protein Biomarkers* , 2009, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[18]  Amy E Herr,et al.  Single-Cell Western Blotting. , 2015, Methods in molecular biology.

[19]  Highly sensitive detection of monosaccharides on microchip electrophoresis using pH discontinuous solution system. , 2010, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[20]  Mark A Hayes,et al.  Recent developments in electrophoretic separations on microfluidic devices , 2011, Electrophoresis.

[21]  W. Pryor,et al.  Oxidative stress following traumatic brain injury in rats. , 1997, Surgical neurology.

[22]  G. Michel,et al.  Discerning Trends in Multiplex Immunoassay Technology with Potential for Resource-Limited Settings , 2013 .

[23]  M. Budoff,et al.  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and serum lipoproteins: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. , 2013, Atherosclerosis.

[24]  Benjamin Thierry,et al.  Herceptin functionalized microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane devices for the capture of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive circulating breast cancer cells. , 2010, Biomicrofluidics.

[25]  M. Murphy,et al.  Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid-beta peptide. , 2010, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[26]  Paul T. Williams,et al.  Comparison of four methods of analysis of lipoprotein particle subfractions for their association with angiographic progression of coronary artery disease. , 2014, Atherosclerosis.

[27]  R. Collins,et al.  Impact of lipoprotein(a) levels and apolipoprotein(a) isoform size on risk of coronary heart disease , 2014, Journal of internal medicine.

[28]  Jingcheng Wang,et al.  Application of poly(dimethylsiloxane)/glass microchip for fast electrophoretic separation of serum small, dense low-density lipoprotein. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[29]  M. Pirmohamed.  Warfarin: almost 60 years old and still causing problems. , 2006, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[30]  W. Sadee,et al.  Pharmacogenetics/genomics and personalized medicine. , 2005, Human molecular genetics.

[31]  T. Phillips,et al.  Assessment of chemokine profiles in human skin biopsies by an immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis chip. , 2012, Methods.

[32]  Saeid Nahavandi,et al.  Microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[33]  Yue Cui,et al.  Graphene nano-ink biosensor arrays on a microfluidic paper for multiplexed detection of metabolites. , 2014, Analytica chimica acta.

[34]  D. J. Harrison,et al.  Capillary electrophoresis and sample injection systems integrated on a planar glass chip , 1992 .

[35]  R. Schiffelers,et al.  Toward routine detection of extracellular vesicles in clinical samples , 2014, International journal of laboratory hematology.

[36]  S. Bodovitz,et al.  Single cell analysis: the new frontier in 'omics'. , 2010, Trends in biotechnology.

[37]  André R Miserez,et al.  Low-density lipoprotein size and subclasses are markers of clinically apparent and non-apparent atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. , 2005, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[38]  J. Landers,et al.  Warfarin genotyping in a single PCR reaction for microchip electrophoresis. , 2012, Clinical chemistry.

[39]  Charles S Henry,et al.  Advances in microfluidics for environmental analysis. , 2012, The Analyst.

[40]  J. Michalski,et al.  Analysis of protein glycosylation by mass spectrometry , 2007, Nature Protocols.

[41]  Daniel Malamud,et al.  An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids , 2010, Biomedical microdevices.

[42]  A. Heller,et al.  Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management , 2008 .

[43]  David Issadore,et al.  Issadore Micro-Hall Detector Ultrasensitive Clinical Enumeration of Rare Cells ex Vivo Using a , 2012 .

[44]  Longfei Cai,et al.  Fabrication of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device by silanization of filter cellulose using a paper mask for glucose assay. , 2014, The Analyst.

[45]  W. Baeyens,et al.  Chemiluminescent image detection of haptoglobin phenotyping after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  J. Cracowski,et al.  Isoprostanes, emerging biomarkers and potential mediators in cardiovascular diseases. , 2004, European heart journal.

[47]  Jinghua Yu,et al.  Microfluidic paper-based chemiluminescence biosensor for simultaneous determination of glucose and uric acid. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[48]  G. Anantharamaiah,et al.  A sensitive and convenient method for lipoprotein profile analysis of individual mouse plasma samples. , 2000, Journal of lipid research.

[49]  Y. Mechref,et al.  Electrophoretic analysis of N-glycans on microfluidic devices. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[50]  James P Landers,et al.  An integrated sample-in-answer-out microfluidic chip for rapid human identification by STR analysis. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[51]  Julian Gordon,et al.  Discerning trends in multiplex immunoassay technology with potential for resource-limited settings. , 2012, Clinical chemistry.

[52]  Y. Horiike,et al.  Colorimetric microchip assay using our own whole blood collected by a painless needle for home medical care. , 2013, The Analyst.

[53]  Cynthia A. Tucker,et al.  Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and breast cancer risk in African American women. , 2012, Ethnicity & disease.

[54]  Ren Sun,et al.  Genetic analysis of H1N1 influenza virus from throat swab samples in a microfluidic system for point-of-care diagnostics. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  R. Zare,et al.  Microfluidic platforms for single-cell analysis. , 2010, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[56]  Amy E. Herr,et al.  Single-Cell Western Blotting after Whole-Cell Imaging to Assess Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[57]  P. Bohn,et al.  Non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis for characterization of lipid biomarkers , 2013, Interface Focus.

[58]  Howard I. Scher,et al.  Circulating Tumor Cells as Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer , 2011, Clinical Cancer Research.

[59]  R. Pioli,et al.  Haptoglobin polymorphism and schizophrenia: Genetic variation on chromosome 16 , 2001, Psychiatry Research.