A QoS-Aware Data Collection Protocol for LLNs in Fog-Enabled Internet of Things

Improving quality of service (QoS) of low power and lossy networks (LLNs) in Internet of things (IoT) is a major challenge. Cluster-based routing technique is an effective approach to achieve this goal. This paper proposes a QoS-aware clustering-based routing (QACR) mechanism for LLNs in Fog-enabled IoT which provides a clustering, a cluster head (CH) election, and a routing path selection technique. The clustering adopts the community detection algorithm that partitions the network into clusters with available nodes’ connectivity. The CH election and relay node selection both are weighted by the rank of the nodes which take node’s energy, received signal strength, link quality, and number of cluster members into consideration as the ranking metrics. The number of CHs in a cluster is adaptive and varied according to a cluster state to balance the energy consumption of nodes. Besides, the protocol uses the CH role handover technique during CH election that decreases the control messages for the periodic election and cluster formation in detail. An evaluation of the QACR has performed through simulations for various scenarios. The obtained results show that the QACR improves the QoS in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency, and network lifetime compared to the existing protocols.

[1]  Tong Wang,et al.  Fault-tolerant multi-path routing protocol for WSN based on HEED , 2016, Int. J. Sens. Networks.

[2]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[3]  Li Yan-zhong.  Algorithm of cluster head multi-hops based on LEACH , 2007 .

[4]  Gihwan Cho,et al.  An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018, Sensors.

[5]  Chen Gui-Hai,et al.  EADEEG:An Energy-Aware Data Gathering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007 .

[6]  Yuan Zhou,et al.  Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Using an Improved PSO Algorithm , 2017, IEEE Access.

[7]  Jiguo Yu,et al.  A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution , 2012 .

[8]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[9]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Chain-Based Communication in Cylindrical Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015, Sensors.

[10]  Siddique Latif,et al.  Community detection in networks: A multidisciplinary review , 2018, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[11]  Christian Renner,et al.  A system for efficient dissemination of weather forecasts for sustainable solar-powered sensors , 2015, 2015 Sustainable Internet and ICT for Sustainability (SustainIT).

[12]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[13]  Robert John Walters,et al.  Fog Computing and the Internet of Things: A Review , 2018, Big Data Cogn. Comput..

[14]  Mihai T. Lazarescu,et al.  Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring for IoT Applications , 2013, IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems.

[15]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  An Advanced Energy Consumption Model for terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).

[16]  Bin Wang,et al.  A Robust Wireless Sensor Network Localization Algorithm in Mixed LOS/NLOS Scenario , 2015, Sensors.

[17]  Naixue Xiong,et al.  Adaptive Aggregation Routing to Reduce Delay for Multi-Layer Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018, Sensors.

[18]  Gang Wang,et al.  An Energy-Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[19]  Lovepreet Kaur,et al.  Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey , 2014 .

[20]  Zhezhuang Xu,et al.  DARC: A Distributed and Adaptive Routing Protocol in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[21]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.

[22]  Suat Ozdemir,et al.  Routing in Fog-Enabled IoT Platforms: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[23]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  EDAL: An Energy-Efficient, Delay-Aware, and Lifetime-Balancing Data Collection Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[24]  L. Malathi,et al.  Energy efficient data collection through hybrid unequal clustering for wireless sensor networks , 2015, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[25]  Rajoo Pandey,et al.  An improved energy aware distributed unequal clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2016 .

[26]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  An energy-efficient distributed clustering algorithm for heterogeneous WSNs , 2015, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[27]  Jamal N. Al-Karaki,et al.  The Optimal Deployment, Coverage, and Connectivity Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks: Revisited , 2017, IEEE Access.

[28]  Mohamed F. Younis,et al.  An energy-aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2003, 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2003. Proceedings..

[29]  Bingxian Lu,et al.  An Overlapping Clustering Approach for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[30]  Behrang Barekatain,et al.  Comparison on Energy-efficient Cluster Based Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Network , 2015 .

[31]  C Puttamadappa,et al.  Sector based Multi-hop Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012 .

[32]  Ilias Lamprinos,et al.  Greenhouse Monitoring System based on a Wireless Sensor Network , 2015, ECSA 2015.

[33]  Sheng-Shih Wang,et al.  LCM: A Link-Aware Clustering Mechanism for Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[34]  Deepak Choudhary,et al.  Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, application and standardization , 2018 .

[35]  Tong Wang,et al.  A energy balanced routing scheme in wireless sensor networks based on non-uniform layered clustering , 2018, Int. J. Sens. Networks.

[36]  Honggang Zhang,et al.  Compressed sensing for efficient random routing in multi-hop wireless sensor networks , 2010, GLOBECOM 2010.

[37]  Xiao Chen,et al.  Saving Energy by Adjusting Transmission Power in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011.

[38]  Zhifeng Zhao,et al.  Compressed sensing for efficient random routing in multi-hop wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops.

[39]  Dirk Grunwald,et al.  A Survey of Wireless Path Loss Prediction and Coverage Mapping Methods , 2013, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[40]  Chandrasekaran Kandasamy,et al.  Zone-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, International scholarly research notices.

[41]  Sang Hyuk Son,et al.  ATPC: Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, TOSN.

[42]  M E J Newman,et al.  Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[43]  Thomas Kuhn,et al.  Optimal Deployment , 2016, Advanced Model-Based Engineering of Embedded Systems.

[44]  Bin Li,et al.  A task allocation strategy for complex applications in heterogeneous cluster–based wireless sensor networks , 2018, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[45]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  a high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[46]  Jyoti Prakash Singh,et al.  A Survey on Successors of LEACH Protocol , 2017, IEEE Access.

[47]  Hamid Reza Naji,et al.  A decentralized energy efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2015 .

[48]  Zhongming Zheng,et al.  Secure and Energy-Efficient Disjoint Multipath Routing for WSNs , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[49]  Chi-Hua Chen,et al.  An intelligent slope disaster prediction and monitoring system based on WSN and ANP , 2014, Expert Syst. Appl..

[50]  T. Senthil Murugan,et al.  Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: What the literature says? , 2016 .

[51]  Rabindra Bista,et al.  Randomized Distance Based Clustering Algorithm for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016 .

[52]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[53]  Li Yang,et al.  A parallel k‐means clustering algorithm based on redundance elimination and extreme points optimization employing MapReduce , 2017, Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp..