Confronting Information Security's Elephant, the Unintentional Insider Threat

It is well recognized that individuals within organizations represent a significant threat to information security as they are both common targets of external attackers and can be sources of malicious behavior themselves. Notwithstanding these facts, one additional aspect of human influence in the security domain is largely overlooked: the role of unintentional human error. Such lack of emphasis is surprising given relatively recent reports that highlight error’s central role in being the root cause for numerous security breaches. Unfortunately, efforts that recognize human error’s influence suffer from not employing a commonly accepted error framework and lexicon. We thus take this opportunity to review what the data show regarding error-based breaches across various types of organizations and create a nomenclature and taxonomy rooted in the rich history of safety research that can be applied to the information security domain. Our efforts represent a significant step in an effort to classify, monitor, and compare the myriad aspects of human error in information security in the hopes that more effective security education, training, and awareness (SETA) programs can be devised. Further, we believe our efforts underscore the importance of revisiting the daily demands placed on organizational insiders in the workplace.