The implementation of Indonesia's beef self-sufficiency programme (BSSP) as seen from a farmer-family perspective.

Since around 1990, Indonesia had been importing about 40% of its entire beef consumption. To reduce its reliance on imports, Indonesia launched the beef self-sufficiency programme (BSSP), which operated between 2005 and 2014, with the aim being to reduce imports of beef cattle to 10% of national demand by 2014. This was particularly challenging at the time because the demand for beef had continuously increased for a number of years. The aim of this case study was to investigate how Indonesian smallholder farmers perceived their own beef-cattle production in line with the BSSP, with a particular focus on the way in which the programme was implemented. The present study is based on the findings from 14 semi-structured qualitative interviews carried out with smallholder beef-cattle farmers from the Central Java Province in Indonesia. A modified grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data, using the software program Transana. The study showed that the farmers were mostly unaware of the existing government policies on beef-cattle farming, i.e., regarding the BSSP, including the overall aim of these policies. Furthermore, the activities they did know about they viewed as individual activities run in isolation, rather than parts of a grander plan or overall larger targeted programme—note, in this paper, we refer to these individual activities as 'fragments'. The farmers who took part in the interviews outlined the challenges they faced in increasing the quantity and quality of their beef cattle. The participating farmers also outlined their experiences of how elements of the BSSP were presented to them and how these initiatives were taken up (by themselves, colleagues, or in the local community). The results of the present study show that the farmers were mostly not aware of the overarching policies like BSSP, and hence there is a clear need for the government, i.e., via the Livestock and Fishery Office, to improve how it disseminates knowledge and information about its policy programmes, particularly to the players most affected by those policies. We identified a clear need for the relevant government institutions to take the initiative and work more closely with the main players, in this case the beef-cattle farmers. Involving the farmers is considered crucial in order to create and maintain sustainable beef production. Considering the farmers' perspectives of how extension agents approach the practical implementation of governmental agricultural policy programme, such as the BSSP, we furthermore suggest that more transparent communication is needed, together with the closer involvement of farmers in all stages of the programme, i.e., not just in implementation, but also in the design and planning stages, as well as in the post-programme evaluation, in order to learn effective lessons to improve future programme delivery. Keywords: Indonesia; smallholder farmers; beef cattle; farmer perceptions -------------------------------------------------------- Resume Depuis environ 1990, l'Indonesie importe pres de 40% de toute sa consommation de bœuf. Afin de reduire sa dependance a l'importation, l'Indonesie a lance le programme d'autosuffisance du bœuf (PAB ou BSSP en anglais) qui a fonctionne de 2005 a 2014, avec les buts de reduire les importations de 10% en bovins de boucherie de la demande nationale d'ici 2014. Ceci etait particulierement difficile a cette epoque du fait de la demande croissante et constante de bœuf depuis de nombreuses annees. Le but de cette etude de cas est d'etudier comment les petits exploitants indonesiens percoivent leur propre production de bovins de boucherie conformement au PAB, en mettant un accent particulier sur la maniere dont le programme a ete mis en place. La presente etude est basee sur les resultats de 14 entretiens qualitatifs semi-structures menes aupres de petits exploitants fermiers de bovins de boucherie dans la province de Java Central, en Indonesie. Une approche de base empirique modifiee fut utilisee pour analyser les donnees, en utilisant le programme logiciel Transana. L'etude montre que les fermiers etaient surtout ignorants de l'existence des politiques gouvernementales sur le bœuf de boucherie d'elevage., ex. : concernant le PAB et incluant le but global de ces politiques. De plus, les activites dont ils etaient au courant etaient considerees comme des activites individualistes et menaient a l'isolation, plutot qu'a un projet de plus grande envergure ou a un large projet global cible —note, dans cet article, nous citons ces activites individuelles sous le terme de "fragments". Les fermiers qui ont pris part aux entrevues ont souligne les defis auxquels ils ont fait face lors de l'accroissement de la quantite et de la qualite de leurs bovins de boucherie. Les fermiers participants ont aussi souligne leurs experiences dans la facon dont les elements de presentation du PAB leur a ete presente et dans quelles mesures ces initiatives ont ete reprises (par eux-memes, des collegues ou dans la communaute locale). Les resultats de la presente etude montrent que les fermiers n'etaient pas au courant des politiques fondamentales telle que la BAP et par consequent le gouvernement doit, par exemple, via le ministere de l'elevage et de la peche, ameliorer la maniere de diffuser le savoir et l'information concernant les programmes politiques, particulierement pour ceux etant les plus affectes par ces politiques. Nous avons identifie un besoin evident pour les institutions politiques competentes de prendre des initiatives et de travailler en etroite collaboration avec les principaux acteurs, ici les fermiers de bovins de boucherie. Impliquer les fermiers est une etape cruciale afin de creer et de maintenir une production de bœuf durable. En prenant en consideration les perspectives des fermiers sur la maniere dont les agents de vulgarisation ont une vision de la mise en place pratique du programme politique agricole gouvernemental, tel que le PAB, nous suggerons en outre qu'il y ait plus de transparence dans la communication, impliquant la proche collaboration des fermiers a toutes les etapes du programme, ex.: pas seulement dans la mise en place, mais aussi dans les phases de conception et de planification, ainsi qu'en fin de programme, lors de l'evaluation, afin d'en tirer des lecons efficaces pour ameliorer la prestation de programmes futures.

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