High Resolution Wake Capturing Methodology for Hovering Rotors

A high-resolution Reynolds-averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) solver is applied to study the evolution of tip vortices from rotary blades. The numerical error is reduced by using high-order accurate schemes on appropriately refined meshes. To better resolve the vortex evolution, the equations were solved on multiple overset grids that ensured adequate resolution in an efficient manner. For the RANS closure, a one equation wall-based turbulence model was used with a correction to the production term to account for the stabilizing effects of rotation in the core of the tip vortex. While experimental comparison of the computed vortex structure beyond a few chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge is lacking in the literature, reasonable validation of the vortex velocity profiles is demonstrated up to a distance of 50 chord lengths of evolution for a single-bladed rotor. For the two-bladed rotor case, the tip vortex could be tracked up to two rotor revolutions with minimal diffusion. The accuracy of the computed blade pressures and vortex trajectories confirm that the inflow distribution and blade-vortex interaction are represented correctly. The accuracy achieved in the validation studies establishes the viability of the methodology as a reliable tool that can be used to predict vortex evolution and the aerodynamic performance of hovering rotors.