Design of the mirror optical systems for coherent diffractive imaging at the SPB/SFX instrument of the European XFEL

The high degree of spatial coherence and extreme pulse energies available at x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources naturally support coherent diffractive imaging applications. In order to optimally exploit these unique properties, the optical systems at XFELs must be highly transmissive, focus to appropriate sizes matched to the scale of samples to be investigated and must minimally perturb the wavefront of the XFEL beam. We present the design and simulated performance of two state-of-the-art Kirkpatrik–Baez mirror systems that form the primary foci of the single particles, clusters and biomolecules and serial femtosecond crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument of the European XFEL. The two systems, presently under construction, will produce 1 μm and 100 nm scale foci across a 3–16 keV photon energy range. Targeted applications include coherent imaging of weakly scattering, often biological, specimens.

[1]  Eric M. Gullikson,et al.  Development, characterization and experimental performance of x-ray optics for the LCLS free-electron laser , 2008, Optical Engineering + Applications.

[2]  Sébastien Boutet,et al.  The Coherent X-ray Imaging instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source , 2015, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[3]  R. Santra,et al.  The linac coherent light source single particle imaging road map , 2015, Structural dynamics.

[4]  M. Labat,et al.  Time-dependent FEL wavefront propagation calculations : Fourier optics approach , 2008 .

[5]  M. J. Pivovaroff,et al.  Soft x-ray mirrors for the Linac Coherent Light Source , 2007, SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications.

[6]  M. D. de Jonge,et al.  Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[7]  K. Nugent,et al.  Diffractive imaging using partially coherent x rays. , 2009, Physical review letters.

[8]  Garth J. Williams,et al.  Single mimivirus particles intercepted and imaged with an X-ray laser , 2011, Nature.

[9]  P. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Formation of optical images by X-rays. , 1948, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[10]  J. Chalupský,et al.  In situ focus characterization by ablation technique to enable optics alignment at an XUV FEL source. , 2013, The Review of scientific instruments.

[11]  Garth J. Williams,et al.  High-Resolution Protein Structure Determination by Serial Femtosecond Crystallography , 2012, Science.

[12]  K. Schmidt,et al.  Gas dynamic virtual nozzle for generation of microscopic droplet streams , 2008, 0803.4181.

[13]  W. H. Benner,et al.  Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser , 2006, physics/0610044.

[14]  Anton Barty,et al.  Molecular imaging using X-ray free-electron lasers. , 2018, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[15]  J. Chalupský,et al.  Fluence thresholds for grazing incidence hard x-ray mirrors , 2015 .

[16]  Klaus Giewekemeyer,et al.  Technical Design Report: Scientific Instrument Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules (SPB) , 2013 .

[17]  H. Sinn,et al.  Coherence properties of the European XFEL , 2010 .

[18]  Daniele Cocco,et al.  Effect of slope errors on the performance of mirrors for x-ray free electron laser applications. , 2015, Optics express.

[19]  Chanh Q Tran,et al.  Extracting coherent modes from partially coherent wavefields. , 2009, Optics letters.

[20]  Sébastien Boutet,et al.  The Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) , 2010 .

[21]  H. Urey.  Spot size, depth-of-focus, and diffraction ring intensity formulas for truncated Gaussian beams. , 2004, Applied optics.

[22]  J. Hajdu,et al.  Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses , 2000, Nature.

[23]  Garth J. Williams,et al.  Coherent diffractive imaging and partial coherence , 2007 .

[24]  T. Ishikawa,et al.  Optics for coherent X-ray applications , 2014, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[25]  Georg Weidenspointner,et al.  Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography , 2011, Nature.

[26]  Eugene L. Church,et al.  Specification of glancing- and normal-incidence x-ray mirrors [also Erratum 34(11)3348(Nov1995)] , 1995 .

[27]  Roberto Dinapoli,et al.  The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector AGIPD a detector for the European XFEL , 2011 .

[28]  Valeriy V. Yashchuk,et al.  Specification of x-ray mirrors in terms of system performance: new twist to an old plot , 2014 .

[29]  J. P. Crenn,et al.  Changes in the characteristics of a Gaussian beam weakly diffracted by a circular aperture. , 1982, Applied optics.

[30]  E. A. Schneidmiller,et al.  Photon beam properties at the European XFEL , 2011 .

[31]  L D Dickson,et al.  Characteristics of a propagating gaussian beam. , 1970, Applied optics.

[32]  Bob Nagler,et al.  Imprinting a Focused X-Ray Laser Beam to Measure Its Full Spatial Characteristics , 2015 .

[33]  Garth J. Williams,et al.  Ultra-precise characterization of LCLS hard X-ray focusing mirrors by high resolution slope measuring deflectometry. , 2012, Optics express.