Translation Procedures for the Cross Cultural Use of Measurement Instruments

Over the last fifteen years there has been a rapid expansion of international cooperation in the field of education. One outgrowth of this is an interest in various cross-cultural instructional practices and principles of learning. Although a considerable literature suggests procedures and practices for conducting evaluation and research across cultures, until recently this research has been primarily of an anthropological and ethnographic variety. With the increased exchange of instructional and other educational materials, however, there is a growing interest in the interaction of such psychological variables as personality, intelligence, aptitude, and cognitive style. This trend has resulted in a rapidly expanding introduction of numerous questionnaires, tests, and other measurement instruments into the educational evaluation and research arsenals of other countries.