Adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins: insights into their ligand selectivity using natural glycoproteins and glycotopes.

“Biochemistry text books commonly make it appear that it is a foregone conclusion that the hardware of biological information storage and transfer is confined to nucleotides and amino acids, the letters of the genetic code. However, the remarkable talents of a third class of biomolecules are often overlooked” [1]. This statement from a recent review guides the readers to look at and fully appreciate the chemical/lectinochemical characteristics of carbohydrates that underlie the concept of the sugar code [2].

[1]  R. Lemieux The Origin of the Specificity in the Recognition of Oligosaccharides by Proteins , 1990 .

[2]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Galectin-1 Is a Major Receptor for Ganglioside GM1, a Product of the Growth-controlling Activity of a Cell Surface Ganglioside Sialidase, on Human Neuroblastoma Cells in Culture* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[3]  Roger A. Laine,et al.  The Information‐Storing Potential of the Sugar Code , 2008 .

[4]  Alexandre M J J Bonvin,et al.  Activity-structure correlations in divergent lectin evolution: fine specificity of chicken galectin CG-14 and computational analysis of flexible ligand docking for CG-14 and the closely related CG-16. , 2007, Glycobiology.

[5]  Fu-Tong Liu,et al.  Thermodynamic binding studies of cell surface carbohydrate epitopes to galectins-1, -3, and -7: Evidence for differential binding specificities , 2002 .

[6]  H Kaltner,et al.  Lectin Ligands: New Insights into Their Conformations and Their Dynamic Behavior and the Discovery of Conformer Selection by Lectins , 1998, Cells Tissues Organs.

[7]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Glycans: bioactive signals decoded by lectins. , 2008, Biochemical Society transactions.

[8]  H Kaltner,et al.  Negative Regulation of Neuroblastoma Cell Growth by Carbohydrate-dependent Surface Binding of Galectin-1 and Functional Divergence from Galectin-3* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[9]  A. M. Wu,et al.  Carbohydrate specificity of a galectin from chicken liver (CG-16). , 2001, The Biochemical journal.

[10]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Cross-Linking of GM1 Ganglioside by Galectin-1 Mediates Regulatory T Cell Activity Involving TRPC5 Channel Activation: Possible Role in Suppressing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis1 , 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

[11]  A. M. Wu,et al.  Fine specificity of domain-I of recombinant tandem-repeat-type galectin-4 from rat gastrointestinal tract (G4-N). , 2002, The Biochemical journal.

[12]  Winifred M. Watkins,et al.  A Half Century of Blood-Group Antigen Research Some Personal Recollections , 1999 .

[13]  H. Gabius,et al.  The 2.15 A crystal structure of CG-16, the developmentally regulated homodimeric chicken galectin. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[14]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Growth-regulatory human galectin-1: crystallographic characterisation of the structural changes induced by single-site mutations and their impact on the thermodynamics of ligand binding. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[15]  W. Lehmann,et al.  Phosphorylated human galectin-3: facile large-scale preparation of active lectin and detection of structural changes by CD spectroscopy. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[16]  W. Morgan,et al.  Neutralization of the Anti-H Agglutinin in Eel Serum by Simple Sugars , 1952, Nature.

[17]  N V Bovin,et al.  Endogenous lectins as targets for drug delivery. , 2000, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[18]  J. Kopitz,et al.  Prototype chicken galectins revisited: characterization of a third protein with distinctive hydrodynamic behaviour and expression pattern in organs of adult animals. , 2008, The Biochemical journal.

[19]  J. Jiménez-Barbero,et al.  Medicinal chemistry based on the sugar code: fundamentals of lectinology and experimental strategies with lectins as targets. , 2000, Current medicinal chemistry.

[20]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  The How and Why of Protein-carbohydrate Interaction: A Primer to the Theoretical Concept and a Guide to Application in Drug Design , 2004, Pharmaceutical Research.

[21]  R. Lemieux Rhône-Poulenc Lecture. The origin of the specificity in the recognition of oligosaccharides by proteins , 1989 .

[22]  A. M. Wu,et al.  Carbohydrate recognition factors of the lectin domains present in the Ricinus communis toxic protein (ricin). , 2006, Biochimie.

[23]  J. Hirabayashi,et al.  Structure of chicken 16-kDa beta-galactoside-binding lectin. Complete amino acid sequence, cloning of cDNA, and production of recombinant lectin. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[24]  H. Gabius,et al.  Eukaryotic glycosylation: whim of nature or multipurpose tool? , 1999, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[25]  H Kaltner,et al.  Conformer selection and differential restriction of ligand mobility by a plant lectin--conformational behaviour of Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-R, Galbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-R and Galbeta1-2Galbeta1-R' in the free state and complexed with galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin as revealed by random-walk and conf , 1998, European journal of biochemistry.

[26]  F. Real,et al.  Galectin-1 is a novel functional receptor for tissue plasminogen activator in pancreatic cancer. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[27]  H Kaltner,et al.  Animal lectins: from initial description to elaborated structural and functional classification. , 2001, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[28]  I. Brockhausen,et al.  Glycosyltransferases Involved in N–and O–Glycan Biosynthesis , 1996 .

[29]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Interaction profile of galectin-5 with free saccharides and mammalian glycoproteins: probing its fine specificity and the effect of naturally clustered ligand presentation. , 2006, Glycobiology.

[30]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Glycosciences: Status and Perspectives , 2002 .

[31]  H Kaltner,et al.  NMR-based, molecular dynamics- and random walk molecular mechanics-supported study of conformational aspects of a carbohydrate ligand (Gal beta 1-2Gal beta 1-R) for an animal galectin in the free and in the bound state. , 1996, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[32]  A. M. Wu Carbohydrate Structural Units in Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides as Important Ligands for Gal and GalNAc Reactive Lectins , 2003, Journal of Biomedical Science.

[33]  R. Lemieux,et al.  HOW WATER PROVIDES THE IMPETUS FOR MOLECULAR RECOGNITION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION , 1996 .

[34]  H. Gabius,et al.  Homodimeric chicken galectin CG-1B (C-14): Crystal structure and detection of unique redox-dependent shape changes involving inter- and intrasubunit disulfide bridges by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, site-directed mutagenesis, and peptide mass fingerprinting. , 2009, Journal of molecular biology.

[35]  H. Gabius The sugar code : fundamentals of glycosciences , 2009 .

[36]  Jesús Jiménez-Barbero,et al.  Unique conformer selection of human growth-regulatory lectin galectin-1 for ganglioside GM1 versus bacterial toxins. , 2003, Biochemistry.

[37]  Hans-Joachim Gabius,et al.  Effects of polyvalency of glycotopes and natural modifications of human blood group ABH/Lewis sugars at the Galbeta1-terminated core saccharides on the binding of domain-I of recombinant tandem-repeat-type galectin-4 from rat gastrointestinal tract (G4-N). , 2004, Biochimie.

[38]  H. Gabius,et al.  A Guide to Signaling Pathways Connecting Protein-Glycan Interaction with the Emerging Versatile Effector Functionality of Mammalian Lectins , 2006 .

[39]  S. Ugurel,et al.  CD4+CD7− leukemic T cells from patients with Sézary syndrome are protected from galectin-1-triggered T cell death , 2002, Leukemia.

[40]  J. Jiménez-Barbero,et al.  Chemical Biology of the Sugar Code , 2004, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[41]  A. M. Wu,et al.  The emerging functionality of endogenous lectins: A primer to the concept and a case study on galectins including medical implications. , 2006, Chang Gung medical journal.

[42]  C. Dominguez,et al.  HADDOCK: a protein-protein docking approach based on biochemical or biophysical information. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  Albert J R Heck,et al.  Determination of structural and functional overlap/divergence of five proto‐type galectins by analysis of the growth‐regulatory interaction with ganglioside GM1 in silico and in vitro on human neuroblastoma cells , 2005, International journal of cancer.

[44]  Fu-Tong Liu,et al.  New aspects of galectin functionality in nuclei of cultured bone marrow stromal and epidermal cells: biotinylated galectins as tool to detect specific binding sites , 2003, Biology of the cell.

[45]  Hiroaki Nakagawa,et al.  Tumor suppressor p16INK4a − modulator of glycomic profile and galectin‐1 expression to increase susceptibility to carbohydrate‐dependent induction of anoikis in pancreatic carcinoma cells , 2007, The FEBS journal.

[46]  Douglas N W Cooper,et al.  Galectinomics: finding themes in complexity. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.