At the frontier of artificial intelligence research, human-computer gaming (HCG) technology has become a research hotspot. It provides an effective experimental environment and approach to exploring the intrinsic growth mechanism and verifying key technologies of machine intelligence. Considering the mounting challenges in intelligent decision-making posed by the complex, high-dynamic, and inconclusive environment coupled with strong confrontation, this paper analyzes the research status and dissects the key elements and intrinsic gaming mechanisms of HCG. This work also proposes a game learning-based theoretical research framework for HCG. Based on these analyses, we discussed HCGs key models: gaming representation and modeling, situation assessment and reasoning, strategy generation, and optimization, as well as action coordination and control. The proposed research framework has laid a foundation for the modeling, computing, and interpreting solutions of complex cognition and decision problems. Finally, this paper summarizes the current application status and looks to future directions of development.