Personal business model for evolution: how individuals change their business model over time

This report adds value to the research area of business models by elaborating an under researched field of business model application - the personal business model. Due to accelerating environmental changes individuals need to constantly rethink their own personal business model. External events like societal changes and technical progress in addition to internal factors like personal goals and values influence personal business model viability and play a role in this change process. This paper extends the area of personal business models by examining the triggering events that facilitate individuals to change their personal business model over time in combination with the underlying change logic. Results are based on a cross sectional qualitative research strategy, which takes an online survey, three interviews and one online discussion board into account. The study comes to the conclusion that internal factors function as a filter mechanism that determined which external factors are of relevance for the individual. Additionally the paper shows that existing personal business model mapping tools lack a strategic and an environmental perspective. Furthermore the study proposes a personal business model evolution framework, which distinguishes two generic change strategies in the context of personal business model: planning and experimenting.

[1]  A. Shapero,et al.  The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship , 1982 .

[2]  S. Svejenova,et al.  An Individual Business Model in the Making: a Chef’s Quest for Creative Freedom , 2010 .

[3]  Clayton M. Christensen,et al.  Reinventing Your Business Model , 2008 .

[4]  Graham R. Gibbs,et al.  Analyzing Qualitative Data , 2014 .

[5]  J. Linder,et al.  Changing Business Models: Surveying the Landscape , 2000 .

[6]  A. Bock,et al.  The Business Model in Practice and its Implications for Entrepreneurship Research , 2011 .

[7]  A. Strauss,et al.  The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research aldine de gruyter , 1968 .

[8]  M. Porter What is strategy , 2000 .

[9]  A. McGahan,et al.  Business-Model Innovation: General Purpose Technologies and their Implications for Industry Structure , 2010 .

[10]  D. Turner Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators , 2010 .

[11]  Arash Najmaei,et al.  Dynamic Business Model Innovation : An Analytical Archetype , 2011 .

[12]  D. Teece Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation , 2010 .

[13]  S. Bach Abbau der kalten Progression: Nicht die einzige Herausforderung beim Einkommensteuertarif , 2012 .

[14]  Klaus Krippendorff,et al.  Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology , 1980 .

[15]  M. Healey,et al.  Interviewing business owners and managers: a review of methods and techniques , 1993 .

[16]  Alexander Osterwalder,et al.  The business model ontology a proposition in a design science approach , 2004 .

[17]  Andrea Bonaccorsi,et al.  Entry Strategies Under Competing Standards: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Software Industry , 2006, Manag. Sci..

[18]  Yves Pigneur,et al.  Business Model You: A One-Page Method For Reinventing Your Career , 2012 .

[19]  S. Sarasvathy Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency , 2001 .

[20]  I. Ajzen The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[21]  Lambertus Johannes Maria Nieuwenhuis,et al.  Reflecting on business model research: current gaps and future directions , 2012 .

[22]  B. Wirtz Business Model Management , 2011 .

[23]  J. Bindé Towards knowledge societies: UNESCO world report , 2005 .

[24]  J. R. Moore,et al.  The theory of the growth of the firm twenty-five years after , 1960 .

[25]  Raphael Amit,et al.  Business Model Design: An Activity System Perspective , 2010 .

[26]  Maribel Guerrero,et al.  The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model , 2008 .

[27]  William B. Gartner,et al.  Innovation and Entrepreneurship , 1985 .

[28]  W. W. Meyer The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt , 2002 .

[29]  Raphael Amit,et al.  Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[30]  Michael H. Morris,et al.  The entrepreneur's business model: toward a unified perspective , 2005 .

[31]  R. Amit,et al.  Business Model Innovation: Creating Value in Times of Change , 2010 .

[32]  M. Fritsch,et al.  Who Starts a Business and Who is Self-Employed in Germany , 2012, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[33]  I. Dey Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Scientists , 1993 .

[34]  Yves Pigneur,et al.  Clarifying Business Models: Origins, Present, and Future of the Concept , 2005, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[35]  G. Hamel Leading the Revolution , 2000 .

[36]  M. Sosna,et al.  Business Model Innovation through Trial-and-Error Learning , 2010 .

[37]  Y. Doz,et al.  Embedding Strategic Agility A Leadership Agenda for Accelerating Business Model Renewal , 2010 .

[38]  R. Amit,et al.  The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance , 2008 .

[39]  Ramon Casadesus-Masanell,et al.  From Strategy to Business Models and onto Tactics , 2010 .

[40]  N. Illingworth,et al.  The Internet Matters: Exploring the Use of the Internet as a Research Tool , 2001 .

[41]  Christopher L. Tucci,et al.  Internet Business Models and Strategies: Text and Cases , 2002 .

[42]  J. Creswell Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. , 1998 .

[43]  Rita Gunther McGrath Business Models: A Discovery Driven Approach , 2010 .

[44]  M. Porter Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance , 1985 .

[45]  J. Creswell,et al.  Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry , 2000 .

[46]  James W. Carland,et al.  An Empirical Investigation into the Distinctions between Male and Female Entrepreneurs and Managers , 1991 .

[47]  C. Barros,et al.  Long Memory in German Energy Price Indices , 2012, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[48]  R. Amit,et al.  Value creation in E‐business , 2001 .

[49]  H. Chesbrough Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers , 2010 .

[50]  J. Kansikas Disguised Employment - The Nature of Forced Entrepreneurship , 2007 .

[51]  H. Bernard,et al.  Techniques to Identify Themes , 2003 .

[52]  Yves Pigneur,et al.  Business Model Generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers and challengers , 2010 .

[53]  F. Günzel,et al.  Patterns in Business Models: a Case Survey , 2009 .

[54]  Richard Swedberg,et al.  Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History , 1965 .

[55]  Lowell W. Busenitz,et al.  Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research , 2002 .

[56]  G. Lumpkin,et al.  Innovation as newness: what is new, how new, and new to whom? , 2001 .

[57]  C. Baden‐Fuller,et al.  Business models as models , 2010 .

[58]  H. Chesbrough,et al.  The Role of the Business Model in Capturing Value from Innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporation's Technology Spin-Off Companies , 2002 .

[59]  V. Allee RECONFIGURING THE VALUE NETWORK , 2000 .

[60]  R. Amit,et al.  The Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research , 2011 .

[61]  Xavier Lecocq,et al.  Business Model Evolution: In Search of Dynamic Consistency , 2010 .

[62]  Eveline,et al.  The 4-Hour Workweek:Escape 9-5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich——Timothy Ferriss champions living large without working hard , 2007 .

[63]  Dennis Gabor Innovations: Scientific, Technological, and Social , 1970 .

[64]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Attitudes and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Reasoned and Automatic Processes , 2000 .

[65]  Philip E. T. Lewis,et al.  Research Methods for Business Students (5th edn) , 2007 .

[66]  Fredrik Hacklin,et al.  The Anatomy of the Business Model: A Syntactical Review and Research Agenda , 2010 .

[67]  N. Hoffart Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory , 2000 .

[68]  Matthew B. Miles,et al.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 1994 .

[69]  Han van der Meer,et al.  Open Innovation – The Dutch Treat: Challenges in Thinking in Business Models , 2007 .

[70]  Johnny Saldaña,et al.  The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers , 2009 .