Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Protein Detection

Nanosensors have a central role in recent approaches to molecular recognition in applications like imaging, drug delivery systems, and phototherapy. Fluorescent nanoparticles are particularly attractive for such tasks owing to their emission signal that can serve as optical reporter for location or environmental properties. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fluoresce in the near-infrared part of the spectrum, where biological samples are relatively transparent, and they do not photobleach or blink. These unique optical properties and their biocompatibility make SWCNTs attractive for a variety of biomedical applications. Here, we review recent advancements in protein recognition using SWCNTs functionalized with either natural recognition moieties or synthetic heteropolymers. We emphasize the benefits of the versatile applicability of the SWCNT sensors in different systems ranging from single-molecule level to in-vivo sensing in whole animal models. Finally, we discuss challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives.

[1]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Transduction of glycan-lectin binding using near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes for glycan profiling. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  Preet M. Singh.  Eating away at the surface , 2008 .

[3]  Maurizio Prato,et al.  Immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses. , 2003, Chemistry & biology.

[4]  M. Pasquali,et al.  Do inner shells of double-walled carbon nanotubes fluoresce? , 2009, Nano letters.

[5]  Gili Bisker,et al.  Insulin Detection Using a Corona Phase Molecular Recognition Site on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 2018, ACS sensors.

[6]  W. D. de Heer,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications , 2002, Science.

[7]  YuHuang Wang,et al.  Ultrashort Carbon Nanotubes That Fluoresce Brightly in the Near-Infrared. , 2018, ACS nano.

[8]  Michael S Strano,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as optical biomedical sensors. , 2013, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[9]  J. Kaur,et al.  Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery , 2019, Characterization and Biology of Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery.

[10]  Progress in the Standardization of Stains the Haematoxylin Problem , 1927 .

[11]  Michael S Strano,et al.  Multimodal optical sensing and analyte specificity using single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[12]  V. C. Moore,et al.  Individually suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in various surfactants , 2003 .

[13]  Jeffrey N. Anker,et al.  Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. , 2008, Nature materials.

[14]  Jae Hong Kim,et al.  Glycosylated Peptoid Nanosheets as a Multivalent Scaffold for Protein Recognition. , 2018, ACS nano.

[15]  Aaron M. Streets,et al.  Ultralarge Modulation of Fluorescence by Neuromodulators in Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with Self-Assembled Oligonucleotide Rings. , 2018, Nano letters.

[16]  R. Bodmeier,et al.  Degradation Kinetics of Somatostatin in Aqueous Solution , 2003, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[17]  Heather K Hunt,et al.  Label-free biological and chemical sensors. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[18]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Single molecule detection of nitric oxide enabled by d(AT)15 DNA adsorbed to near infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[19]  M. Dinarvand,et al.  Near Infrared imaging of serotonin release from cells with fluorescent nanosensors. , 2019, Nano letters.

[20]  L. Cognet,et al.  Evaluation of Different Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Surface Coatings for Single-Particle Tracking Applications in Biological Environments , 2017, Nanomaterials.

[21]  Y. Chang,et al.  Carbon nanotube DNA sensor and sensing mechanism. , 2006, Nano letters.

[22]  Roger L. Chang,et al.  High aspect ratio nanomaterials enable delivery of functional genetic material without DNA integration in mature plants , 2017, bioRxiv.

[23]  C. Larabell,et al.  Quantum dots as cellular probes. , 2005, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[24]  M. Zacharias,et al.  Nanowire-based sensors. , 2010, Small.

[25]  D. Nesbitt,et al.  Origin and control of blinking in quantum dots. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[26]  A. Kentsis,et al.  HIV Detection via a Carbon Nanotube RNA Sensor. , 2019, ACS sensors.

[27]  C. Milstein,et al.  Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity , 1975, Nature.

[28]  Feng Yan,et al.  Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Biomedicial Applications , 2011, Sensors.

[29]  Zachary W. Ulissi,et al.  A Mathematical Formulation and Solution of the CoPhMoRe Inverse Problem for Helically Wrapping Polymer Corona Phases on Cylindrical Substrates , 2015 .

[30]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Non-covalent Methods of Engineering Optical Sensors Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2019, Front. Chem..

[31]  T. Mihaljevic,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[32]  H. Dai,et al.  Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: In vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery , 2009, Nano research.

[33]  Daniel Roxbury,et al.  DNA Sequence Mediates Apparent Length Distribution in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[34]  P. Dervan,et al.  Molecular recognition of DNA by small molecules. , 2001, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[35]  R. Warn,et al.  An Investigation of Microtubule Organization and Functions in Living Drosophila Embryos by Injection of a Fluorescently Labeled Antibody against Tyrosinated a-Tubulin , 1987 .

[36]  Daniel Meyer,et al.  Tuning Selectivity of Fluorescent Carbon Nanotube-Based Neurotransmitter Sensors , 2017, Sensors.

[37]  N. Reuel,et al.  Influence of sonication conditions and wrapping type on yield and fluorescent quality of noncovalently functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2018, Carbon.

[38]  Leif O. Brown,et al.  Reversible fluorescence quenching in carbon nanotubes for biomolecular sensing. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[39]  Jeetain Mittal,et al.  A carbon nanotube reporter of microRNA hybridization events in vivo , 2017, Nature Biomedical Engineering.

[40]  T. Ebbesen.  Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes , 1997 .

[41]  Ruggero De Maria,et al.  Quantum dots for biomedical applications. , 2008, Expert opinion on medical diagnostics.

[42]  Daniel Roxbury,et al.  Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Carbon Nanomaterials with DNA , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[43]  M. Zheng,et al.  DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes , 2003, Nature materials.

[44]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  A route to brightly fluorescent carbon nanotubes for near-infrared imaging in mice. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[45]  Matteo Pasquali,et al.  Diameter-dependent bending dynamics of single-walled carbon nanotubes in liquids , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[46]  V. C. Moore,et al.  Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2002, Science.

[47]  Jeeyeon Lee,et al.  Design of Refolding DNA Aptamer on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Optical Detection of Target Proteins. , 2019, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  J. Janin,et al.  Dissecting protein–protein recognition sites , 2002, Proteins.

[49]  Daniel Roxbury,et al.  Biomolecular Functionalization of a Nanomaterial to Control Stability and Retention within Live Cells. , 2019, Nano letters.

[50]  G. W. Pratt,et al.  Peptide secondary structure modulates single-walled carbon nanotube fluorescence as a chaperone sensor for nitroaromatics , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[51]  Nigel F. Reuel,et al.  Experimental Tools to Study Molecular Recognition within the Nanoparticle Corona , 2014, Sensors.

[52]  Robert B. Sim,et al.  Carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications , 2005, IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience.

[53]  Maurizio Prato,et al.  Functionalized carbon nanotubes for probing and modulating molecular functions. , 2010, Chemistry & biology.

[54]  J. Fagan.  Aqueous two-polymer phase extraction of single-wall carbon nanotubes using surfactants , 2019, Nanoscale advances.

[55]  S. Kruss,et al.  Nanosensors for neurotransmitters , 2016, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[56]  R. Weisman,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes: Solution for the Therapeutic Delivery of siRNA? , 2012, Materials.

[57]  Roger L. Chang,et al.  Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation , 2019, bioRxiv.

[58]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Double-Stranded DNA on Pristine Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[59]  Klaus Schulten,et al.  Comparative Dynamics and Sequence Dependence of DNA and RNA Binding to Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces.

[60]  J. Rebek.  Molecular Recognition with Model Systems , 1990 .

[61]  William J Peveler,et al.  Selectivity and Specificity: Pros and Cons in Sensing. , 2016, ACS sensors.

[62]  Michael S. Strano,et al.  Optical Detection of DNA Conformational Polymorphism on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2006, Science.

[63]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Detection of single-molecule H2O2 signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor using fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[64]  R. Smalley,et al.  Structure-Assigned Optical Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2002, Science.

[65]  Y. Chiang,et al.  Peptides with selective affinity for carbon nanotubes , 2003, Nature materials.

[66]  Thomas V. Galassi,et al.  Noninvasive ovarian cancer biomarker detection via an optical nanosensor implant , 2018, Science Advances.

[67]  Gili Bisker,et al.  Mechanism of immobilized protein A binding to immunoglobulin G on nanosensor array surfaces. , 2015, Analytical Chemistry.

[68]  F. Braet,et al.  Carbon Nanomaterials in Biosensors: Should You Use Nanotubes or Graphene? , 2010 .

[69]  Abraham G. Beyene,et al.  Nanoparticle‐Templated Molecular Recognition Platforms for Detection of Biological Analytes , 2016, Current protocols in chemical biology.

[70]  Jeong-O Lee,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotube biosensors using aptamers as molecular recognition elements. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[71]  Xiaoling Yang,et al.  Graphene quantum dots: emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and photovoltaic devices. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[72]  S. Singh,et al.  Functionalized carbon nanotubes: biomedical applications , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[73]  T. Swager,et al.  Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensors. , 2018, Chemical reviews.

[74]  Tracy Vargo-Gogola,et al.  Gold nanoparticles as contrast agents in x-ray imaging and computed tomography. , 2015, Nanomedicine.

[75]  M. Strano,et al.  Solvatochromism in single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2007 .

[76]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Plant nanobionics approach to augment photosynthesis and biochemical sensing. , 2014, Nature materials.

[77]  P. Hudson.  Recombinant antibody constructs in cancer therapy. , 1999, Current opinion in immunology.

[78]  S. Jayasena.  Aptamers: an emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics. , 1999, Clinical chemistry.

[79]  R. Zuckermann,et al.  Antibody-mimetic peptoid nanosheets for molecular recognition. , 2013, ACS nano.

[80]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Label-free, single protein detection on a near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube/protein microarray fabricated by cell-free synthesis. , 2011, Nano letters.

[81]  S. Bachilo,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes in phagocytic cells. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[82]  H. Kataura,et al.  Large-scale single-chirality separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes by simple gel chromatography , 2011, Nature communications.

[83]  L. Wilson,et al.  Toward carbon nanotube-based imaging agents for the clinic. , 2016, Biomaterials.

[84]  Seunghun Hong,et al.  Enhancement of sensitivity and specificity by surface modification of carbon nanotubes in diagnosis of prostate cancer based on carbon nanotube field effect transistors. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[85]  M. Howarth,et al.  Targeting quantum dots to surface proteins in living cells with biotin ligase. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[86]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications , 2014, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[87]  R. Jones,et al.  Immunological Properties of an Antibody Containing a Fluorescent Group.∗ , 1941 .

[88]  S. Kruss,et al.  Quantification of the Number of Adsorbed DNA Molecules on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2019, ECS Meeting Abstracts.

[89]  Laurent Cognet,et al.  Toward the suppression of cellular toxicity from single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2016, Biomaterials science.

[90]  Ronghua Yang,et al.  Carbon nanotubes protect DNA strands during cellular delivery. , 2008, ACS nano.

[91]  H. Clark,et al.  Ion-selective nano-optodes incorporating quantum dots. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[92]  Peng Chen,et al.  Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[93]  Daniel C Leslie,et al.  A microdevice for rapid optical detection of magnetically captured rare blood pathogens. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[94]  Gili Bisker,et al.  A Pharmacokinetic Model of a Tissue Implantable Insulin Sensor , 2015, Advanced healthcare materials.

[95]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Ensembles , 2004 .

[96]  Ian R. McFarlane,et al.  Dual Near Infrared Two-Photon Microscopy for Deep-Tissue Dopamine Nanosensor Imaging , 2017, bioRxiv.

[97]  D. Demarchi,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes as an Effective Opportunity for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment , 2017, Biosensors.

[98]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Carbon nanotubes: from macromolecules to nanotechnology. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[99]  M. Strano,et al.  Near-infrared optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2004, Nature materials.

[100]  D. Heller,et al.  A Fluorescent Carbon Nanotube Sensor Detects the Metastatic Prostate Cancer Biomarker uPA. , 2018, ACS sensors.

[101]  Bin Mu,et al.  Neurotransmitter detection using corona phase molecular recognition on fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube sensors. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[102]  Heather A. Clark,et al.  Quadruplex Integrated DNA (QuID) Nanosensors for Monitoring Dopamine , 2015, Sensors.

[103]  S. Sidhu,et al.  Synthetic antibodies: concepts, potential and practical considerations. , 2012, Methods.

[104]  Ado Jorio,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes: Advanced Topics in the Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications , 2007 .

[105]  C. Bertozzi,et al.  A cell nanoinjector based on carbon nanotubes , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[106]  T. Rungrotmongkol,et al.  Protein–protein interactions between SWCNT/chitosan/EGF and EGF receptor: a model of drug delivery system , 2016, Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics.

[107]  Jackson D. Harvey,et al.  An in Vivo Nanosensor Measures Compartmental Doxorubicin Exposure. , 2019, Nano letters.

[108]  A. L. D. de Barros,et al.  Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes: cellular uptake, biodistribution and applications in drug delivery. , 2017, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[109]  Ronghua Yang,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes as optical materials for biosensing. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[110]  Zachary W. Ulissi,et al.  Molecular recognition using corona phase complexes made of synthetic polymers adsorbed on carbon nanotubes , 2013, 2014 40th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC).

[111]  Xingjiu Huang,et al.  The new age of carbon nanotubes: an updated review of functionalized carbon nanotubes in electrochemical sensors. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[112]  R. Buhmann,et al.  Aptamers—basic research, drug development, and clinical applications , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[113]  L. Wilbrecht,et al.  Imaging striatal dopamine release using a nongenetically encoded near infrared fluorescent catecholamine nanosensor , 2019, Science Advances.

[114]  H. Clark,et al.  In Vivo Biosensing: Progress and Perspectives. , 2017, ACS sensors.

[115]  O. Shimomura,et al.  Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. , 1962, Journal of cellular and comparative physiology.

[116]  Ali Khademhosseini,et al.  Emerging Trends in Micro- and Nanoscale Technologies in Medicine: From Basic Discoveries to Translation. , 2017, ACS nano.

[117]  Gili Bisker,et al.  Protein-targeted corona phase molecular recognition , 2016, Nature Communications.

[118]  D. Delpy,et al.  Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation. , 1988, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[119]  P. Sőnksen,et al.  Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease. , 2000, British journal of anaesthesia.

[120]  T. Ugarova,et al.  High-resolution visualization of fibrinogen molecules and fibrin fibers with atomic force microscopy. , 2011, Biomacromolecules.

[121]  Il-Doo Kim,et al.  Innovative Nanosensor for Disease Diagnosis. , 2017, Accounts of chemical research.

[122]  S. Kruss,et al.  Impact of Redox-Active Molecules on the Fluorescence of Polymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes , 2016 .

[123]  M. Prato,et al.  Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. , 2005, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[124]  Allen Y. Chen,et al.  Single-molecule detection of protein efflux from microorganisms using fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube sensor arrays. , 2017, Nature nanotechnology.

[125]  Nicole M. Iverson,et al.  In Vivo Biosensing Via Tissue Localizable Near Infrared Fluorescent Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2013, Nature nanotechnology.

[126]  K. Delevich,et al.  New Optical Probes Bring Dopamine to Light. , 2018, Biochemistry.

[127]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Nanoparticles: scaffolds for molecular recognition. , 2004, Chemistry.

[128]  K. Ghaedi,et al.  A review on insulin trafficking and exocytosis. , 2019, Gene.

[129]  S. Nie,et al.  Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[130]  Boris Mizaikoff,et al.  Molecularly imprinted polymers—potential and challenges in analytical chemistry , 2005, Analytica Chimica Acta.

[131]  S Suresh,et al.  Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes based drug delivery system: Cancer therapy: A review. , 2015, Indian journal of cancer.

[132]  Ardemis A. Boghossian,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes for life sciences applications. , 2011, ChemSusChem.

[133]  D. Balding,et al.  HLA Sequence Polymorphism and the Origin of Humans , 2006 .

[134]  Thomas E. Eurell,et al.  Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Spectroscopy in Live Cells: Towards Long‐Term Labels and Optical Sensors , 2005 .

[135]  Stéphane Marcet,et al.  Hyperspectral Microscopy of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Enables 17-Chirality Carbon Nanotube Imaging , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[136]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics , 2005, Science.

[137]  Y. L. Jeyachandran,et al.  Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of adsorption/desorption of bovine serum albumin on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[138]  Sachdev S Sidhu,et al.  Synthetic therapeutic antibodies , 2006, Nature chemical biology.

[139]  J. Matthew Mauro,et al.  Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[140]  M. Trikha,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[141]  Gili Bisker,et al.  Quantitative Tissue Spectroscopy of Near Infrared Fluorescent Nanosensor Implants. , 2016, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[142]  Ian R. McFarlane,et al.  Electrostatic-assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes and sequence-tunable peptoid polymers detect a lectin protein and its target sugars , 2018, bioRxiv.

[143]  Gengfeng Zheng,et al.  Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[144]  Amir Kaplan,et al.  Nanosensor Technology Applied to Living Plant Systems. , 2017, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[145]  Vincent M Rotello,et al.  Integrating recognition elements with nanomaterials for bacteria sensing. , 2017, Chemical Society reviews.

[146]  Fernando Torres Andón,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes as Optical Sensors in Biomedicine. , 2017, ACS nano.

[147]  V. Koman,et al.  Ionic Strength-Mediated Phase Transitions of Surface-Adsorbed DNA on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[148]  Emery N Brown,et al.  A Pharmacokinetic Model of a Tissue Implantable Cortisol Sensor , 2016, Advanced healthcare materials.

[149]  Volodymyr B. Koman,et al.  Nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics. , 2017, Nature materials.

[150]  Prakrit V. Jena,et al.  Synthetic molecular recognition nanosensor paint for microalbuminuria , 2019, Nature Communications.

[151]  R. Afza,et al.  Physical and chemical mutagenesis. , 2003, Methods in molecular biology.

[152]  Y. Gartstein,et al.  Giant-Stroke, Superelastic Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Muscles , 2009, Science.

[153]  Ming Zheng,et al.  An optical nanoreporter of endolysosomal lipid accumulation reveals enduring effects of diet on hepatic macrophages in vivo , 2018, Science Translational Medicine.

[154]  James J Hickman,et al.  A new interpretation of serum albumin surface passivation. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[155]  Mitchell A. Kuss,et al.  Implantable Nanotube Sensor Platform for Rapid Analyte Detection. , 2019, Macromolecular bioscience.

[156]  Pedro V. Baptista,et al.  Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications , 2012, Sensors.

[157]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. , 1998, Science.

[158]  E. Rosenthal,et al.  Antiangiogenic antibody improves melanoma detection by fluorescently labeled therapeutic antibodies , 2016, The Laryngoscope.

[159]  S. Nie,et al.  Chemical analysis and cellular imaging with quantum dots. , 2004, The Analyst.

[160]  Lesline P.Gartner,et al.  Color Textbook of Histology , 1997 .

[161]  A carbon nanotube optical reporter maps endolysosomal lipid flux , 2017 .

[162]  Michael S Strano,et al.  A Ratiometric Sensor Using Single Chirality Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes: Application to In Vivo Monitoring. , 2015, Small.

[163]  Stephen Mann,et al.  Molecular recognition in biomineralization , 1988, Nature.

[164]  Laurent Cognet,et al.  Single-nanotube tracking reveals the nanoscale organization of the extracellular space in the live brain. , 2017, Nature nanotechnology.

[165]  Xiaoling Zhang,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotube as an effective quencher , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[166]  Louis E. Brus,et al.  The Optical Resonances in Carbon Nanotubes Arise from Excitons , 2005, Science.

[167]  Harold A Scheraga,et al.  The thrombin-fibrinogen interaction. , 2004, Biophysical chemistry.

[168]  Mingyuan Gao,et al.  Biocompatible Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Cancer Imaging Agents , 2018, Advanced materials.

[169]  Jing Pan,et al.  Single-walled carbon nanotubes as optical probes for bio-sensing and imaging. , 2017, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[170]  Michael S. Strano,et al.  Protein functionalized carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications , 2015 .

[171]  Jeffrey H. Chuang,et al.  A molecular-imprint nanosensor for ultrasensitive detection of proteins. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[172]  M. Strano,et al.  Reversible control of carbon nanotube aggregation for a glucose affinity sensor. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[173]  Michael S. Strano,et al.  Chirality dependent corona phase molecular recognition of DNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes , 2015 .

[174]  Volodymyr B. Koman,et al.  Chloroplast-selective gene delivery and expression in planta using chitosan-complexed single-walled carbon nanotube carriers , 2019, Nature Nanotechnology.

[175]  Zachary W. Ulissi,et al.  2D equation-of-state model for corona phase molecular recognition on single-walled carbon nanotube and graphene surfaces. , 2015, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.