A note on loud and lombard speech

Abstract : The purpose of this report is to compare speech which is loud as a consequence of noise exposure (Lombard speech) with speech which is loud deliberately. One male speaker was recorded in six speaking conditions: (1) ambient noise, (2) high noise, and (3) intentionally loud speech, all three recorded with a boom microphone and while wearing an oxygen mask. Lombard speech and deliberately loud speech shared more similarities than differences and appear to result from the same speech production mechanisms. Both were produced with more effort so that energy and fundamental frequency increased. Both were produced: (1) with a wider mouth opening so that formants, (2) particularly F1, and (3) shifted. The oxygen mask minimized changes.