Ground‐based search for X rays generated by thunderstorms and lightning

A series of ground-based experiments have been performed to investigate gamma ray/X ray count rate increases that are associated with thunderstorm and lightning activity. NaI scintillation detectors were configured in a long-timescale channel to monitor long-term count rate variations (on timescales of 1–104 s) as a function of time, pressure, temperature, humidity, electric field, rainfall, and general thunderstorm activity and in a short-timescale channel that was triggered by an electric field change meter to monitor correlations of individual counts (on timescales of 10−7–10−2 s) with particular phases of a lightning flash. Long-timescale results typically show count rate increases of a few percent to as much as 100% above background levels during thunderstorm activity and are likely due primarily to gamma ray emissions from radon daughter-ion decay as the daughter ions are precipitated to the ground by rainfall. The production of bremsstrahlung X rays by a thunderstorm runaway electron mechanism cannot be ruled out by this data, but the data indicate that if the mechanism is in operation, the bremsstrahlung flux at the ground is at best intermittent and/or barely discernible above background levels. Short-timescale results do not show any evidence for the production of X rays by individual lightning flashes. However, these results are inconclusive since only 10 cases of lightning flashes within a 1 km distance were recorded. The results of the overall study are compared to previous studies which claim positive correlations of count rate increases with thunderstorm and lightning activity. They are also discussed in terms of runaway electron acceleration in thunderstorm electric fields and in terms of the runaway air breakdown mechanism for lightning initiation. A review of the physics of and previous studies of X ray emissions from thunderstorms and lightning is presented in the introduction.