Local binary pattern network: A deep learning approach for face recognition

Deep learning is well known as a method to extract hierarchical representations of data. In this paper a novel unsupervised deep learning based methodology, named Local Binary Pattern Network (LBPNet), is proposed to efficiently extract and compare high-level over-complete features in multilayer hierarchy. The LBPNet retains the same topology of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - one of the most well studied deep learning architectures - whereas the trainable kernels are replaced by the off-the-shelf computer vision descriptor (i.e., LBP). This enables the LBPNet to achieve a high recognition accuracy without requiring any costly model learning approach on massive data. Through extensive numerical experiments using the public benchmarks (i.e., FERET and LFW), LBPNet has shown that it is comparable to other unsupervised methods.

[1]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Face recognition: A literature survey , 2003, CSUR.

[2]  Frédéric Jurie,et al.  Face Recognition using Local Quantized Patterns , 2012, BMVC.

[3]  Josef Kittler,et al.  Efficient processing of MRFs for unconstrained-pose face recognition , 2013, 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[4]  Brian C. Lovell,et al.  Multi-Region Probabilistic Histograms for Robust and Scalable Identity Inference , 2009, ICB.

[5]  Peyman Milanfar,et al.  Face Verification Using the LARK Representation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[6]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Face Recognition with Local Binary Patterns , 2004, ECCV.

[7]  Jiwen Lu,et al.  Discriminative Deep Metric Learning for Face Verification in the Wild , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[8]  Frédéric Jurie,et al.  Learning Visual Similarity Measures for Comparing Never Seen Objects , 2007, 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[9]  Erik Learned-Miller,et al.  Labeled Faces in the Wild : Updates and New Reporting Procedures , 2014 .

[10]  Jian Sun,et al.  Blessing of Dimensionality: High-Dimensional Feature and Its Efficient Compression for Face Verification , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[11]  Kunihiko Fukushima,et al.  Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position , 1980, Biological Cybernetics.

[12]  Marwan Mattar,et al.  Labeled Faces in the Wild: A Database forStudying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments , 2008 .

[13]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Handbook of Face Recognition, 2nd Edition , 2011 .

[14]  Ammad Ali,et al.  Face Recognition with Local Binary Patterns , 2012 .

[15]  Jian Sun,et al.  Bayesian Face Revisited: A Joint Formulation , 2012, ECCV.

[16]  Yaniv Taigman,et al.  Descriptor Based Methods in the Wild , 2008 .

[17]  Gang Hua,et al.  Hierarchical-PEP model for real-world face recognition , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[18]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition , 1998, Proc. IEEE.

[19]  Patrice Y. Simard,et al.  Best practices for convolutional neural networks applied to visual document analysis , 2003, Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings..

[20]  LinLin Shen,et al.  Local Gabor Binary Pattern Whitened PCA: A Novel Approach for Face Recognition from Single Image Per Person , 2009, ICB.

[21]  Xiaoyang Tan,et al.  Enhanced Local Texture Feature Sets for Face Recognition Under Difficult Lighting Conditions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[22]  Xiaoqin Zhang,et al.  Displacement Template with Divide-&-Conquer Algorithm for Significantly Improving Descriptor Based Face Recognition Approaches , 2012, ECCV.

[23]  Stan Z. Li,et al.  Towards Pose Robust Face Recognition , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[24]  Vytautas Perlibakas,et al.  Distance measures for PCA-based face recognition , 2004, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[25]  Tal Hassner,et al.  Face recognition in unconstrained videos with matched background similarity , 2011, CVPR 2011.

[26]  Jian Sun,et al.  Face recognition with learning-based descriptor , 2010, 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[27]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Representation from Predicting 10,000 Classes , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[28]  Chi-Ho Chan,et al.  Multispectral Local Binary Pattern Histogram for Component-based Color Face Verification , 2007, 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems.

[29]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Identity-Preserving Face Space , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[30]  Alice Caplier,et al.  Enhanced Patterns of Oriented Edge Magnitudes for Face Recognition and Image Matching , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[31]  Javier Ruiz-del-Solar,et al.  Recognition of Faces in Unconstrained Environments: A Comparative Study , 2009, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[32]  Vladimir Vapnik,et al.  Statistical learning theory , 1998 .

[33]  Gang Hua,et al.  Eigen-PEP for Video Face Recognition , 2014, ACCV.

[34]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Fisher Vector Faces in the Wild , 2013, BMVC.

[35]  Lior Wolf,et al.  The SVM-Minus Similarity Score for Video Face Recognition , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[36]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  DeepID3: Face Recognition with Very Deep Neural Networks , 2015, ArXiv.

[37]  Wen Gao,et al.  Local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence (LGBPHS): a novel non-statistical model for face representation and recognition , 2005, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1.

[38]  Florent Perronnin,et al.  Fisher Kernels on Visual Vocabularies for Image Categorization , 2007, 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[39]  Hyeonjoon Moon,et al.  The FERET evaluation methodology for face-recognition algorithms , 1997, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[40]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Deep Fisher Networks for Large-Scale Image Classification , 2013, NIPS.

[41]  Jie Chen,et al.  Fusing Local Patterns of Gabor Magnitude and Phase for Face Recognition , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[42]  Liang Chen,et al.  A unified framework for improving the accuracy of all holistic face identification algorithms , 2009, Artificial Intelligence Review.

[43]  James Philbin,et al.  FaceNet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[44]  Li Bai,et al.  Cosine Similarity Metric Learning for Face Verification , 2010, ACCV.

[45]  Marios Savvides,et al.  Spartans: Single-Sample Periocular-Based Alignment-Robust Recognition Technique Applied to Non-Frontal Scenarios , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[46]  Nicolas Pinto,et al.  How far can you get with a modern face recognition test set using only simple features? , 2009, CVPR.

[47]  Chi-Ho Chan Multi-scale local Binary Pattern Histogram for Face Recognition , 2007, ICB.

[48]  Dong Yu,et al.  Deep Learning: Methods and Applications , 2014, Found. Trends Signal Process..

[49]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  Fusing Robust Face Region Descriptors via Multiple Metric Learning for Face Recognition in the Wild , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.