Civil Society, Networks, and Relationship Management: Beyond the Organization–Public Dyad

Given the importance of relationships to civil society, many scholars have positioned strategic communication as essential to the civil society process. Using social network analysis, this study extends relationship management theory into the civil society arena and offers implications on how network approaches to examining relationships may help to move the theory forward. Using data gathered from a network of Peruvian civil society organizations, the article theoretically and methodologically links relationship management theory with social network perspectives, and the results of the study are discussed in terms of their contributions to extending relationship management theory and civil society research. Critiques of social network analysis and implications for its use in strategic communication research and theory development are also explored.

[1]  W. T. Coombs,et al.  The internet as potential equalizer: New leverage for confronting social irresponsibility , 1998 .

[2]  Carl H. Botan,et al.  Public relations: State of the field , 2004 .

[3]  Tom A. B. Snijders,et al.  Social Network Analysis , 2011, International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.

[4]  Lisa J. Laplante,et al.  Media, Trials and Truth Commissions: ‘Mediating’ Reconciliation in Peru's Transitional Justice Process , 2010 .

[5]  Karen Farquharson A Different Kind of Snowball: Identifying Key Policymakers , 2005 .

[6]  Stanley Wasserman,et al.  Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications , 1994, Structural analysis in the social sciences.

[7]  Michael L. Kent,et al.  Toward a dialogic theory of public relations , 2002 .

[8]  Chiara Valentini,et al.  Towards a More Holistic Stakeholder Analysis Approach. Mapping Known and Undiscovered Stakeholders from Social Media , 2011 .

[9]  John A. Ledingham,et al.  From Organizational Effectiveness to Relationship Indicators: Antecedents of Relationships, Public Relations Strategies, and Relationship Outcomes , 2000 .

[10]  Aimei Yang,et al.  Relationship-building by Chinese ENGOs’ websites: Education, not activation , 2010 .

[11]  L. Freeman Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .

[12]  Mark S. Granovetter The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[13]  Øyvind Ihlen Mapping the environment for corporate social responsibility , 2008 .

[14]  Hyojung Park,et al.  The Organization-Public Relationship and Crisis Communication: The Effect of the Organization-Public Relationship on Publics' Perceptions of Crisis and Attitudes Toward the Organization , 2011 .

[15]  Kirk Hallahan,et al.  Defining Strategic Communication , 2007 .

[16]  Stephen D. Bruning,et al.  Mutual benefit as outcome indicator: Factors influencing perceptions of benefit in organization–public relationships , 2006 .

[17]  R. Heath The journey to understand and champion OPR takes many roads, some not yet well traveled , 2013 .

[18]  Trent Seltzer,et al.  Toward a Model of Political Organization–Public Relationships: Antecedent and Cultivation Strategy Influence on Citizens' Relationships with Political Parties , 2010 .

[19]  Chun-ju Flora Hung Exploring Types of Organization–Public Relationships and Their Implications for Relationship Management in Public Relations , 2005 .

[20]  C. Calhoun Civil society and the public sphere , 1993 .

[21]  Ø. Ihlen,et al.  The power of social capital: Adapting Bourdieu to the study of public relations , 2005 .

[22]  Vilma Luoma-aho,et al.  Monitoring the issue arenas of the swine‐flu discussion , 2013 .

[23]  A. Hadenius,et al.  Making civil society work, promoting democratic development: What can states and donors do? , 1996 .

[24]  Another dimension to explicating relationships: measuring inter-organizational linkages , 2005 .

[25]  Juliet Roper,et al.  Symmetrical Communication: Excellent Public Relations or a Strategy for Hegemony? , 2005 .

[26]  John A. Ledingham,et al.  Relationships between organizations and publics: Development of a multi-dimensional organization-public relationship scale , 1999 .

[27]  W. Coombs The Future of Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management: Challenges for the Next Generation , 2009 .

[28]  Linjuan Rita Men,et al.  Exploring the Roles of Organization-Public Relationships in the Strategic Management Process: Towards an Integrated Framework , 2012 .

[29]  Glen M. Broom,et al.  Toward a Concept and Theory of Organization-Public Relationships , 1997 .

[30]  Eyun‐Jung Ki,et al.  Causal Linkages between Relationship Cultivation Strategies and Relationship Quality Outcomes , 2009 .

[31]  Aimei Yang,et al.  Looking Over, Looking Out, and Moving Forward: Positioning Public Relations in Theorizing Organizational Network Ecologies , 2015 .

[32]  Brigitta R. Brunner,et al.  Organisation‐public relationships: Measurement validation in a university setting , 2005 .

[33]  Marya L. Doerfel,et al.  Network dynamics of interorganizational cooperation: the Croatian civil society movement , 2004 .

[34]  Minjeong Kang Effects of the organization‐public relational gap between experiential and expected relationship outcomes : Relational gap analysis , 2013 .

[35]  Sung-Un Yang An Integrated Model for Organization—Public Relational Outcomes, Organizational Reputation, and Their Antecedents , 2007 .

[36]  Dawn R. Gilpin,et al.  Complexity Theory and the Dynamics of Reputation , 2013 .

[37]  Ajay Mehra The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science , 2005 .

[38]  Øyvind Ihlen Mapping the Environment for Corporate Social Responsibility: Stakeholders, Publics, and the Public Sphere , 2013 .

[39]  Thomas Hugh Feeley,et al.  Testing a communication network model of employee turnover based on centrality , 2000 .

[40]  Anne Gordon Drabek,et al.  Development alternatives: The challenge for NGOs--an overview of the issues , 1987 .

[41]  G. Hauser Civil society and the principle of the public sphere , 1998 .

[42]  E. B. Meyer Effective organization , 1936, Electrical Engineering.

[43]  M. Lauzen,et al.  Liberating the Intellectual Domain From the Practice: Public Relations, Activism, and the Role of the Scholar , 2000 .

[44]  Michael Stohl,et al.  Human Rights, Nation States, and NGOs: Structural Holes and the Emergence of Global Regimes , 2005 .

[45]  Y. Huang OPRA: A Cross-Cultural, Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Organization-Public Relationships , 2001 .

[46]  Peter R. Monge,et al.  The Value of Formative Investment in Organizational Federations , 2001 .

[47]  R. Hanneman Introduction to Social Network Methods , 2001 .

[48]  Marya L. Doerfel,et al.  Building Interorganizational Relationships That Build Nations , 2003 .

[49]  D. Krackhardt Simmelian Ties: Super Strong and Sticky , 1998 .

[50]  John A. Ledingham,et al.  Relationship management in public relations: dimensions of an organization-public relationship , 1998 .

[51]  Eyun‐Jung Ki,et al.  Testing the Linkages Among the Organization–Public Relationship and Attitude and Behavioral Intentions , 2007 .

[52]  Erich J. Sommerfeldt Networks of social capital: Extending a public relations model of civil society in Peru , 2013 .

[53]  Maureen Taylor Media relations in Bosnia: A role for public relations in building civil society , 2000 .

[54]  Mark S. Mizruchi,et al.  Centrality and power revisited: actor success in group decision making , 1998 .

[55]  Steven B. Andrews,et al.  Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition , 1995, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[56]  Brigitta R. Brunner,et al.  Measuring public relationships among students and administrators at the University of Florida , 2002 .

[57]  Maureen Taylor CIVIL SOCIETY AS A RHETORICAL PUBLIC RELATIONS PROCESS , 2009 .

[58]  Quintan Wiktorowicz,et al.  The Political Limits to Nongovernmental Organizations in Jordan , 2002 .

[59]  John Scott What is social network analysis , 2010 .

[60]  Exploring the Role of Strategic Relationship Management in the Formation of Publics , 2012 .

[61]  Michael L. Kent,et al.  Building Dialogic Relationships through the World Wide Web. , 1998 .

[62]  Craig E. Carroll The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation , 2015 .

[63]  David M. Dozier,et al.  Manager's Guide to Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management , 1995 .

[64]  P. V. Marsden,et al.  NETWORK DATA AND MEASUREMENT , 1990 .

[65]  Maureen Taylor,et al.  A social capital approach to improving public relations efficacy: Diagnosing internal constraints o , 2011 .

[66]  黃懿慧 From organizational effectiveness to relationship indicators: Antecedents of relationships public relations strategies and relationship outcomes , 1999 .