Stroke and antiphospholipid syndrome: the treatment debate.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the most frequent acquired thrombophilias. Thromboses can be at both the venous and arterial level, are usually recurrent and frequently affect cerebral circulation. Although it is difficult to predict which patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) will develop thrombosis, once a thrombotic event has taken place, secondary prevention is mandatory. Recommendations for treatment of APS have long been based on studies with a retrospective design. Recently, three prospective studies (two controlled and one uncontrolled small series) have addressed the role of antiaggregant and anticoagulant therapy in patients with stroke and aPL. However, results from prospective and retrospective studies are not in full agreement. In addition to the obvious differences in design, other factors such as the important variability in the study groups account for the discrepancy. While future investigation must better define homogeneous subsets of patients with APS, current secondary prophylaxis of thrombosis in these patients must be tailored according to individual estimated risk of recurrences, risk of haemorrhage and severity of potential recurrent events. Due to the often devastating consequences of stroke, we believe there is a place for prolonged, high-intensity anticoagulation in patients with APS and cerebral arterial thrombosis.