Architectural Cue Model in Evacuation Simulation for Underground Space Design

In this paper, a CAVE-based experiment for measuring the evacuees’ preference on architectural cues is introduced. The research method has proven that a paired cue evacuation decision model can be constructed through the Conjoint Analysis method. According to the preference function the nearest exit assumption in other evacuation models is questionable in some circumstances. Moreover, a set of architectural cue attributes and their quantitative utilities on the preference are discovered.

[1]  Alfred W. Crosby,et al.  The measure of reality : quantification and Western society, 1250-1600 , 1996 .

[2]  A. Rapoport.  The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach , 1982 .

[3]  Ufuk Dogu,et al.  Spatial Factors Affecting Wayfinding and Orientation , 2000 .

[4]  Denis G. Pelli,et al.  Human Perception of Objects: Early Visual Processing of Spatial Form Defined by Luminance, Color, Texture, Motion, and Binocular Disparity , 2001 .

[5]  Francesca Morganti,et al.  Planning optimal paths: A simple assessment of survey spatial knowledge in virtual environments , 2007, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[6]  M. Lombard.  Direct Responses to People on the Screen , 1995 .

[7]  Wah Walther Roelen,et al.  Conjoint analysis and virtual reality : exploring the possibilities , 1999 .

[8]  Hjp Harry Timmermans,et al.  Modeling Consumer Perception of Public Space in Shopping Centers , 1999 .

[9]  Steffen Werner,et al.  The Role of Spatial Reference Frames in Architecture , 2004 .

[10]  T. Eames.  THE VISUAL FIELDS , 1955 .

[11]  Kevin Lynch,et al.  The Image of the City , 1960 .

[12]  P. Wilson.  Active Exploration of a Virtual Environment Does Not Promote Orientation or Memory for Objects , 1999 .

[13]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Comparing the Complexity of Wayfinding Tasks in Built Environments , 1998 .

[14]  de B Bauke Vries,et al.  An Architecture-Based Model for Underground Space Evacuation , 2006 .

[15]  Tadasu Oyama,et al.  Visual Space Perception , 1962 .

[16]  Aaw Amy Tan,et al.  The reliability and validity of interactive virtual reality computer experiments , 2003 .

[17]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Pedestrian route-choice and activity scheduling theory and models , 2004 .

[18]  Jlm Jan Hensen,et al.  On incorporating uncertainty analysis in abstract building performance simulation tools , 2007 .

[19]  Angela Croome,et al.  The language of space , 1974, Nature.

[20]  Michael Tlauka,et al.  Gender differences in spatial knowledge acquired through simulated exploration of a virtual shopping centre , 2005 .

[21]  Ching-Yuan Lin,et al.  A virtual-reality-based feasibility study of evacuation time compared to the traditional calculation method , 2000 .

[22]  Sheena Rogers.  Perceiving Pictorial Space , 1995 .

[23]  E. Maguire,et al.  The dynamic nature of cognition during wayfinding , 2008, Journal of environmental psychology.

[24]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  Applications of behavioural research on spatial problems II: preference and choice , 1990 .

[25]  Marcia Kilchenman O'Malley,et al.  Comparison of human haptic size identification and discrimination performance in real and simulated environments , 2002, Proceedings 10th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems. HAPTICS 2002.

[26]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Using Behavioral Realism to Estimate Presence: A Study of the Utility of Postural Responses to Motion Stimuli , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[27]  N. Verlander,et al.  PEDESTRIAN ROUTE CHOICE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY , 1997 .

[28]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  Decompositional Multiattribute Preference Models in Spatial Choice Analysis: A Review of Some Recent Developments , 1984 .

[29]  Carl Machover,et al.  Virtual reality , 1994, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[30]  de B Bauke Vries,et al.  A decision making model of the doorway clue for an agent’s evacuation simulation , 2007 .

[31]  Itzhak Omer,et al.  The implications of inter-visibility between landmarks on wayfinding performance: An investigation using a virtual urban environment , 2007, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[32]  F Ozel.  How cognitive factors influence way-finding. , 1993, NFPA journal : the official magazine of the National Fire Protection Association.

[33]  A. Turner,et al.  Space Layout Affects Search Efficiency for Agents with Vision , 2003 .

[34]  Bauke de Vries,et al.  Measuring Human Behaviour Using Head-Cave , 2007 .

[35]  Peter Willemsen,et al.  Perceived egocentric distances in real, image-based, and traditional virtual environments , 2002, Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2002.

[36]  Christina J. Hopfe,et al.  Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for detailed design support , 2007 .

[37]  H BülthoffHeinrich,et al.  Visual homing is possible without landmarks , 2002 .

[38]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Pedestrian Travel Behavior Modeling , 2005 .

[39]  Philippe Cattin,et al.  Commercial Use of Conjoint Analysis: An Update , 1989 .

[40]  Michel Bierlaire,et al.  A discrete choice framework for acceleration and direction change behaviors in walking pedestrians , 2007 .

[41]  de B Bauke Vries,et al.  Fire response performance in a hotel - Behavioural research , 2007 .

[42]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Pedestrian Behavior at Bottlenecks , 2005, Transp. Sci..

[43]  S. Valins,et al.  Architecture and social behavior: Psychological studies of social density , 1977 .

[44]  Ehren L. Newman,et al.  Learning your way around town: How virtual taxicab drivers learn to use both layout and landmark information , 2007, Cognition.

[45]  P. Shalit.  The Silent Language , 1964 .

[46]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Presence: concept, determinants, and measurement , 2000, Electronic Imaging.

[47]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  F.A.S.T. - Floor field- and Agent-based Simulation Tool , 2006, ArXiv.

[48]  Petra Jansen-Osmann,et al.  Wayfinding Performance in and the Spatial Knowledge of a Color-coded Building for Adults and Children , 2004, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[49]  Michael O'Neill,et al.  Effects of Signage and Floor Plan Configuration on Wayfinding Accuracy , 1991 .

[50]  Yusuf Ziya Özcan,et al.  Wayfinding in an Unfamiliar Environment , 2004 .

[51]  Bruno Zévi,et al.  Architecture as Space. How to Look at Architecture , 1957 .

[52]  Michael Henry Heim,et al.  The metaphysics of virtual reality , 1993 .

[53]  M. Hui,et al.  The Ecological Validity of Photographic Slides and Videotapes in Simulating the Service Setting , 1992 .

[54]  Jeremy N. Bailenson,et al.  Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments , 2001, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[55]  Cjh Cees Midden,et al.  Complex evacuation; effects of motivation level and slope of stairs on emergency egress time in a sports stadium , 1999 .

[56]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  Towards more effective use of building performance simulation in design , 2004 .

[57]  J Jan Dijkstra,et al.  Exploring the Possibilities of Conjoint Measurement as a Decision-Making Tool for Virtual Wayfinding Environments , 1997 .

[58]  Yvonne de Kort,et al.  Virtual Laboratories: Comparability of Real and Virtual Environments for Environmental Psychology , 2003, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[59]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  Experimental study and theoretical analysis of signage legibility distances as a function of observation angle , 2007 .

[60]  Petra Jansen-Osmann,et al.  The Influence of Landmarks and Pre-exposure to a Structural Map During the Process of Spatial Knowledge Acquisition: A Study with Children and Adults in a Virtual Environment , 2007, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[61]  Peter Shirley,et al.  Visual cues for imminent object contact in realistic virtual environments , 2000, Proceedings Visualization 2000. VIS 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37145).

[62]  Steve Pettifer,et al.  Navigation, Wayfinding, and Place Experience within a Virtual City , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[63]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World , 2000 .

[64]  Torsten Kuhlen,et al.  How VR-Based Reach-to-Grasp Experiments Can Help to Understand Movement Organization within the Human Brain , 2000, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[65]  R. Golledge.  Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes , 2010 .

[66]  Heinrich H. Bülthoff,et al.  Working Memory in Wayfinding - A Dual Task Experiment in a Virtual City , 2008, Cogn. Sci..

[67]  Gerhard Strube,et al.  Adaptivity of wayfinding strategies in a multi-building ensemble: The effects of spatial structure, task requirements, and metric information , 2009 .

[68]  William E. Feinberg,et al.  THE IMPACT OF EXIT INSTRUCTIONS AND NUMBER OF EXITS IN FIRE EMERGENCIES: A COMPUTER SIMULATION INVESTIGATION , 1997 .

[69]  Jason Brandon Abrams,et al.  Wayfinding in Architecture , 2010 .

[70]  Jaroslaw Was,et al.  Social Distances Model of Pedestrian Dynamics , 2006, ACRI.

[71]  Laurel J Buxbaum,et al.  Assessment of spatial attention and neglect with a virtual wheelchair navigation task , 2008, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[72]  A. Stamps.  Use of Photographs to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis , 1990 .

[73]  A Turner,et al.  Angular analysis: a method for the quantification of space , 2000 .

[74]  Hartwig H. Hochmair,et al.  An Analysis of the Navigation Metaphor—And Why It Works for the World Wide Web , 2006, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[75]  H. W. Hamacher,et al.  Mathematical Modelling of Evacuation Problems: A State of Art , 2001 .

[76]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  Modeling Spatial Knowledge , 1978, IJCAI.

[77]  MA Maciej Orzechowski,et al.  Measuring housing preferences using virtual reality and Bayesian belief networks , 2004 .

[78]  R. Simons,et al.  Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments , 1991 .

[79]  Godfried Augenbroe.  BUILDING SIMULATION TRENDS GOING INTO THE NEW MILLENIUM , 2001 .

[80]  Konstantinos Papamichael,et al.  Building design advisor: automated integration of multiple simulation tools , 1997 .

[81]  Mahbub Rashid,et al.  Describing Plan Configuration According to the Covisibility of Surfaces , 1998 .

[82]  S. Holl,et al.  Questions Of Perception: Phenomenology Of Architecture , 2007 .

[83]  Pedram Sadeghian,et al.  The frequent wayfinding-sequence (FWS) methodology: Finding preferred routes in complex virtual environments , 2006, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[84]  Gabriele Janzen,et al.  Strategies for detour finding in a virtual maze: The role of the visual perspective , 2001 .

[85]  Benjamin Kuipers,et al.  Representing Knowledge of Large-scale Space , 1977 .

[86]  Jlm Jan Hensen,et al.  An approach to use building performance simulation to support design optimization , 2006 .

[87]  Raymond L. Sterling,et al.  Underground Building Design: Commercial and Institutional Structures , 1983 .

[88]  Gunnar G. Løvås,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of Pedestrian Traffic Flow , 1994 .

[89]  E. Hall,et al.  The Hidden Dimension , 1970 .

[90]  Bill Hillier,et al.  Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture , 1996 .

[91]  Jack L. Nasar,et al.  Relation of Physical Form to Spatial Knowledge in Largescale Virtual Environments , 2005 .

[92]  Jon M. Kerridge,et al.  PEDFLOW: Development of an Autonomous Agent Model of Pedestrian Flow , 2001 .

[93]  Xiaoshan Pan,et al.  Computational modeling of human and social behaviors for emergency egress analysis , 2006 .

[94]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling , 1999 .

[95]  Armin Seyfried,et al.  Comparative Investigation of the Dynamic Simulation of Foot Traffic Flow , 2007 .

[96]  Donald P. Greenberg,et al.  Perceiving spatial relationships in computer-generated images , 1992, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[97]  Margaret J. Robertson,et al.  Design and Analysis of Experiments , 2006, Handbook of statistics.

[98]  R. Dalton.  The Secret Is To Follow Your Nose , 2001 .

[99]  A. Miyake,et al.  The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking , 2005 .

[100]  Tommy Gärling,et al.  Spatial orientation and wayfinding in the designed environment: A conceptual analysis and some suggestions for postoccupancy evaluation. , 1986 .

[101]  Reginald G. Golledge,et al.  HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS , 2003 .

[102]  Yohei Murakami,et al.  Multi-agent simulation for crisis management , 2002, Proceedings. IEEE Workshop on Knowledge Media Networking.

[103]  John H. Bailey,et al.  Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge , 1996, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[104]  Martin Raubal,et al.  A Formal Model of the Process of Wayfinding in Built Environments , 1999, COSIT.

[105]  Erica D. Kuligowski,et al.  Review of Building Evacuation Models , 2005 .

[106]  Piet H. L. Bovy,et al.  ROUTE CHOICE ANALYZED WITH STATED-PREFERENCE APPROACHES , 1985 .

[107]  Mark Blades,et al.  Wayfinding Theory and Research: The Need for a New Approach , 1991 .

[108]  Khaled Nassar,et al.  Assessing sign occlusion in buildings using discrete event simulation , 2008 .

[109]  Harry Timmermans,et al.  New Theory of Dynamic Activity Generation , 2006 .

[110]  Stephen R. Ellis,et al.  Judgments of the Distance to Nearby Virtual Objects: Interaction of Viewing Conditions and Accommodative Demand , 1997, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[111]  Eliahu Stern,et al.  DRIVING EFFORTS AND URBAN ROUTE CHOICE , 1983 .

[112]  A. Schadschneider.  Cellular Automaton Approach to Pedestrian Dynamics - Theory , 2001, cond-mat/0112117.

[113]  Eliahu Stern,et al.  Levels of Spatial Knowledge and Urban Travel Modeling , 2010 .

[114]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Human Factors of Wayfinding in Navigation , 2006 .

[115]  A. A. Tan,et al.  Using a Virtual Environment for Understanding Real-World Travel Behavior , 2000 .

[116]  Jean Wineman,et al.  Path, theme and narrative in open plan exhibition settings , 2003 .

[117]  W. H. Ittelson,et al.  An Introduction to environmental psychology , 1977 .

[118]  William H. K. Lam,et al.  PEDESTRIAN ROUTE CHOICES BETWEEN ESCALATOR AND STAIRWAY IN MTR STATIONS , 1998 .

[119]  H. Kunkel.  GENERAL INTRODUCTION , 1971, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[120]  David V. Canter,et al.  Environmental interaction: Psychological approaches to our physical surroundings , 1975 .

[121]  James E. Cutting,et al.  Chapter 3 – Perceiving Layout and Knowing Distances: The Integration, Relative Potency, and Contextual Use of Different Information about Depth* , 1995 .

[122]  P. Bovy,et al.  ROUTE CHOICE: WAYFINDING IN TRANSPORT NETWORKS , 1990 .

[123]  David J. Low,et al.  Following the crowd , 2000 .

[124]  Sheila B. Banks,et al.  Progress and Prospects for the Development of Computer-Generated Actors for Military Simulation: Part 1-Introduction and Background , 2003, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[125]  William M. C. Lam.  Perception and Lighting As Formgivers for Architecture , 1977 .

[126]  Bob G. Witmer,et al.  Judging Perceived and Traversed Distance in Virtual Environments , 1998, Presence.

[127]  Sheila B. Banks,et al.  Progress and Prospects for the Development of Computer-Generated Actors for Military Simulation: Part 2Reasoning System Architectures and Human Behavior Modeling , 2003, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[128]  Fred I Stahl.  Final report on the "BFIRESVersion 1" computer simulation of emergency egress behavior during fires :: calibration and analysis , 1979 .

[129]  Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn,et al.  Effects of Stereoscopic Presentation, Image Motion, and Screen Size on Subjective and Objective Corroborative Measures of Presence , 2001, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[130]  Colin Potts,et al.  Design of Everyday Things , 1988 .

[131]  Chris Barker,et al.  An Experiment on Public Speaking Anxiety in Response to Three Different Types of Virtual Audience , 2002, Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments.

[132]  Gabriele Janzen,et al.  Memory for object location and route direction in virtual large-scale space , 2006, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[133]  J. Xia,et al.  The wayfinding process relationships between decision-making and landmark utility. , 2008 .

[134]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  Simulating dynamical features of escape panic , 2000, Nature.

[135]  Lawrence K. Cormack,et al.  Visual Space Perception: A Primer , 1999 .

[136]  Markus Knauff,et al.  Up the down staircase : Wayfinding strategies in multi-level buildings , 2006 .

[137]  Alan Penn,et al.  Encoding Natural Movement as an Agent-Based System: An Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behaviour in the Built Environment , 2002 .

[138]  Luca Chittaro,et al.  Navigation in 3D virtual environments: Effects of user experience and location-pointing navigation aids , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[139]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Influence of estimation errors on wayfinding-decisions in unknown street networks – analyzing the least-angle strategy , 2001, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[140]  Filiz Ozel,et al.  The Computer Model "BGRAF": A Cognitive Approach to Emergency Egress Simulation , 1987 .

[141]  J. Loomis,et al.  Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[142]  Robert G. Hershberger.  Environmental aesthetics: A study of meaning and architecture , 1988 .

[143]  Romedi Passini,et al.  Wayfinding: People, Signs, and Architecture , 1992 .

[144]  Reginald G. Golledge,et al.  Path Selection and Route Preference in Human Navigation: A Progress Report , 1995, COSIT.

[145]  Michael O'Neill,et al.  Evaluation of a Conceptual Model of Architectural Legibility , 1991 .

[146]  T. Öberg,et al.  Conjoint analysis , 2008, Environmental science and pollution research international.

[147]  Edwin R. Galea.  Simulating evacuation and circulation in planes, trains, buildings and ships using the EXODUS software , 2002 .

[148]  Francesca Pazzaglia,et al.  Perspective, Instruction, and Cognitive Style in Spatial Representation of a Virtual Environment , 2007, Spatial Cogn. Comput..

[149]  Woodrow Barfield,et al.  A Review of Presence and Performance in Virtual Environments , 2000, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[150]  Erica D. Kuligowski.  The Evaluation of a Performance-Based Design Process for a Hotel Building: The Comparison of Two Egress Models , 2003 .

[151]  Tom Porter,et al.  How architects visualize , 1979 .

[152]  Christian Norberg-Schulz,et al.  Existence, Space & Architecture , 1971 .

[153]  J. Peponis,et al.  Finding the Building in Wayfinding , 1990 .

[154]  Alan Penn,et al.  Space syntax based agent simulation , 2001 .

[155]  Benigno E. Aguirre,et al.  A Critical Review Of Emergency Evacuation Simulation Models , 2004 .

[156]  芦原 義信,et al.  Exterior design in architecture , 1970 .