Le potentiel évoqué cognitif P300 (I) : aspects théorique et psychobiologique

Resume L’onde P300 est une onde positive qui survient lorsqu’un sujet a detecte un stimulus attendu et imprevisible. Elle represente une modification de l’activation des reseaux neuronaux en relation avec une operation cognitive. La latence de cette onde donne une indication indirecte sur la duree des operations cognitives, et son amplitude fournit un indice de l’aspect energetique des processus cognitifs. L’amplitude de l’onde P300 est influencee par de nombreuses variables qui ont ete synthetisees dans differents modeles explicatifs. L’onde P300 n’est pas un phenomene monolithique, et plusieurs de ses composantes ont ete mises en evidence (P3a, P3b, P3e, P-SR, P-CR). D’apres les modeles theoriques, l’onde P300 represente soit l’adaptation de la memoire de travail aux donnees de l’environnement (context updating), soit un processus de cloture (context closure) du traitement de l’information. D’un point de vue physiologique, l’onde P300 correspond a une desactivation synchrone des reseaux corticaux. Differentes etudes suggerent qu’il existe plusieurs generateurs corticaux de l’onde P300 ; le lobe temporal medial, la jonction temporo-parietale et le lobe frontal medial et lateral. Les etudes de psychopharmacologie ont montre que differents systemes de neurotransmissions sont impliques dans la generation et dans la modulation de l’onde P300. L’influence des systemes cholinergique, noradrenergique, dopaminergique, serotoninergique et gabaergique est isolement demontree. Schematiquement, les agonistes noradrenergiques augmenteraient l’amplitude de l’onde P300, les dopaminergiques auraient des effets bimodaux (augmentation/reduction) alors que les antagonistes cholinergiques et les agonistes gabaergiques diminueraient son amplitude et prolongeraient sa latence.

[1]  E. Stern,et al.  Target Detection and the Prefrontal Cortex. A PET Scan Study of the P300 Event‐Related Potential , 1995, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[2]  E. Basar,et al.  Endogenous components of event-related potentials in hippocampus: an analysis with freely moving cats. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[3]  L. Kaufman,et al.  The hippocampal formation as a source of the slow endogenous potentials. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[4]  Richard Ragot,et al.  P300, as a function of S—R compatibility and motor programming , 1981, Biological Psychology.

[5]  M. Ansseau,et al.  P300 event-related potential and serotonin-1A activity in depression , 1999, European Psychiatry.

[6]  M. Coles,et al.  Event-related potentials in a passive and active auditory condition: effects of diazepam and buspirone on slow wave positivity , 1997, Biological Psychology.

[7]  J. Polich Habituation of P300 from auditory stimuli , 1989, Psychobiology.

[8]  S. L. Foote,et al.  Effects of systemic clonidine on auditory event-related potentials in squirrel monkeys , 1994, Brain Research Bulletin.

[9]  N. Squires,et al.  Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  Claude E. Shannon,et al.  The Mathematical Theory of Communication , 1950 .

[11]  E. Halgren,et al.  The intracranial topography of the P3 event-related potential elicited during auditory oddball. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[12]  E. John,et al.  Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty , 1965, Science.

[13]  S Sutton,et al.  P300 and feedback provided by absence of the stimulus. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[14]  Daniel Brandeis,et al.  Clonidine and scopolamine: Differences and similarities in how they change human information processing , 1991, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[15]  N. Squires,et al.  The effect of stimulus sequence on the waveform of the cortical event-related potential. , 1976, Science.

[16]  E. Halgren,et al.  Endogenous potentials after anterior temporal lobectomy , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[17]  Matthias M. Müller,et al.  Probing the functional brain state during P300-evocation , 1992 .

[18]  D. Potter,et al.  Visual and auditory P300 in a case of bilateral destruction of the medial temporal lobes following viral encephalitis , 1993 .

[19]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and handedness: on the possible contribution of corpus callosal size to ERPs. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[20]  K. Meador,et al.  Synergistic anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effects in humans. , 1995, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[21]  F. Mauguière,et al.  Target side and scalp topography of the somatosensory P300. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[22]  A. Sanders Towards a model of stress and human performance. , 1983, Acta psychologica.

[23]  P. Badia,et al.  Habituation of P300 to target stimuli , 1989, Physiology & Behavior.

[24]  T. Takasu,et al.  Effects of intravenous L-dopa on P300 and regional cerebral blood flow in parkinsonism. , 1996, The International journal of neuroscience.

[25]  R. Knight Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[26]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from families. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[27]  J. Pineda,et al.  Visual P3-like potentials in squirrel monkey: Effects of a noradrenergic agonist , 1992, Brain Research Bulletin.

[28]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[29]  F. Vidal,et al.  Apport des potentiels évoqués cognitifs à la connaissance des mécanismes du test de Stroop , 1998, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology.

[30]  J. Polich,et al.  Stimulus context determines P3a and P3b. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[31]  J. Polich,et al.  Handedness and P300 from Auditory Stimuli , 1997, Brain and Cognition.

[32]  Terence W. Picton,et al.  Event-related potentials recorded during the discrimination of improbable stimuli , 1983, Biological Psychology.

[33]  I. Deary,et al.  The P300 component of the auditory event‐related potential in monozygotic and dizygotic twins , 1991, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[34]  A Kok,et al.  Internal and external control: a two-factor model of amplitude change of event-related potentials. , 1990, Acta psychologica.

[35]  R. Knight,et al.  Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human auditory P3 , 1989, Brain Research.

[36]  D. Ruchkin,et al.  Multiple sources of P3b associated with different types of information. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[37]  J E Desmedt,et al.  P300 in serial tasks: an essential post-decision closure mechanism. , 1980, Progress in brain research.

[38]  E Donchin,et al.  Second Thoughts : Multiple P 3 OOs Elicited by a Single Stimulus , 2005 .

[39]  R. Johnson,et al.  On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[40]  M. Coles Modern mind-brain reading: psychophysiology, physiology, and cognition. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[41]  J. M. Nichols,et al.  The effect of lorazepam on memory and event-related potentials in heavy and light social drinkers. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[42]  E. Donchin,et al.  “P300” and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[43]  L. Squire,et al.  P3-like brain waves in normal monkeys and in monkeys with medial temporal lesions. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[44]  P Ullsperger,et al.  Amplitude variations in P300 component due to unpredictable stepwise change of stimulus probability. , 1990, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[45]  R. Herning,et al.  Cocaine effects on electroencephalographic cognitive event-related potentials and performance. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[46]  E. Callaway,et al.  Visual evoked potential changes induced by methylphenidate in hyperactive children: dose/response effects. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[47]  J. Cohen,et al.  P300, stimulus intensity, modality, and probability. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[48]  K. Meador,et al.  Cholinergic modulation of human P3 event‐related potentials , 1987, Neurology.

[49]  V. Johnston,et al.  Multiple P3s to emotional stimuli and their theoretical significance. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[50]  F. Martin,et al.  P300 and traffic scenes: The effect of temazepam , 1992, Biological Psychology.

[51]  E. Donchin,et al.  On quantifying surprise: the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. , 1977, Psychophysiology.

[52]  T W Picton,et al.  The P300 Wave of the Human Event‐Related Potential , 1992, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[53]  R. Knight,et al.  P3-like potential in rats. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[54]  D. Ruchkin,et al.  Toward a functional categorization of slow waves. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[55]  J. Polich Probability and inter-stimulus interval effects on the P300 from auditory stimuli. , 1990, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[56]  M Onofrj,et al.  Alterations in event-related potentials (ERPs) of MPTP-treated monkeys. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[57]  L. Butcher,et al.  'Cat P300' disappears after septal lesions. , 1988, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[58]  P Furness,et al.  Changes in amplitude and latency of the P300 component of the auditory evoked potential with sedative and anaesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide. , 1991, British journal of anaesthesia.

[59]  E. Halgren,et al.  Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. I. Superior temporal plane and parietal lobe. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[60]  E. Halgren,et al.  Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. II. Medial, lateral and posterior temporal lobe. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[61]  E. Callaway Human information-processing: some effects of methylphenidate, age, and scopolamine. , 1984, Biological psychiatry.

[62]  M. Scherg,et al.  A Source Analysis of the Late Human Auditory Evoked Potentials , 1989, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[63]  R. Klorman,et al.  Methylphenidate's effects on paired-associate learning and event-related potentials of young adults. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[64]  R. Verleger Event-related potentials and cognition: A critique of the context updating hypothesis and an alternative interpretation of P3 , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[65]  R. Verleger,et al.  Reduction of P3b in patients with temporo-parietal lesions. , 1994, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[66]  S. Foote,et al.  Noradrenergic and cholinergic influences on the genesis of P3-like potentials. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[67]  E. Růžička,et al.  Apomorphine induced cognitive changes in Parkinson's disease. , 1994, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[68]  John Polich,et al.  P3(00) habituation from auditory and visual stimuli , 1996, Physiology & Behavior.

[69]  D L Jewett,et al.  Multiple-generator errors are unavoidable under model misspecification. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[70]  R. Shiffrin,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: I , 1977 .

[71]  R. Knight,et al.  Effects of temporal-parietal lesions on the somatosensory P3 to lower limb stimulation. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[72]  D. Blackwood,et al.  The effects of physostigmine on memory and auditory P300 in alzheimer-type dementia , 1986, Biological Psychiatry.

[73]  E. Halgren,et al.  Interictal spike-wave complexes in the human medial temporal lobe: typical topography and comparisons with cognitive potentials. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[74]  J. Polich P300 clinical utility and control of variability. , 1998, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[75]  J. Polich,et al.  P300, probability, and the three-tone paradigm. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[76]  E Altenmüller,et al.  Effects of the anticonvulsant benzodiazepine clonazepam on event-related brain potentials in humans. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[77]  E Callaway,et al.  Scopolamine effects on visual information processing, attention, and event-related potential map latencies. , 1992, Psychophysiology.

[78]  J. T. Marsh,et al.  Probing the time-course of the auditory oddball P3 with secondary reaction time. , 1991, Psychophysiology.

[79]  M. Solanto Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration , 1998, Behavioural Brain Research.

[80]  G. McCarthy,et al.  Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. , 1977, Science.

[81]  B. Rockstroh,et al.  Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. , 1990, Physiological reviews.

[82]  H Pratt,et al.  Brain potentials in a memory-scanning task. II. Effects of aging on potentials to the probes. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[83]  L. Nadel,et al.  The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map , 1978 .

[84]  J. Ford,et al.  ERPs in schizophrenia: Effects of antipsychotic medication , 1994, Biological Psychiatry.

[85]  M. Velasco,et al.  Subcortical correlates of the P300 potential complex in man to auditory stimuli. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[86]  E. Donchin,et al.  Cognitive Psychophysiology and Human Information Processing , 1986 .

[87]  Ray Johnson P300: A Model of the Variables Controlling Its Amplitude a , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[88]  R. Verleger On the utility of P3 latency as an index of mental chronometry. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[89]  B Renault,et al.  Onset and offset of brain events as indices of mental chronometry. , 1982, Science.

[90]  C. C. Wood,et al.  Potentials evoked in human and monkey medial temporal lobe during auditory and visual oddball paradigms. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[91]  No effect of chronic fenfluramine on the P300 component of the event-related potential. , 1987, The International journal of neuroscience.

[92]  A. Routtenberg The two-arousal hypothesis: reticular formation and limbic system. , 1968, Psychological review.

[93]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 habituation from visual stimuli? , 1994, Physiology and Behavior.

[94]  H. Engeland,et al.  Event-related potentials and performance of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Children and normal controls in auditory and visual selective attention tasks , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[95]  R. Johnson,et al.  Auditory and visual P300s in temporal lobectomy patients: evidence for modality-dependent generators. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[96]  G. McCarthy,et al.  On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related-potential components. , 1977, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[97]  K. Meador,et al.  Comparative cognitive effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin in healthy adults , 1991, Neurology.

[98]  E Halgren,et al.  Endogenous potentials evoked in simple cognitive tasks: depth components and task correlates. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[99]  H. Semlitsch,et al.  Acute effects of the novel antidepressant venlafaxine on cognitive event‐related potentials (P300), eye blink rate and mood in young healthy subjects , 1993, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[100]  J I Aunon,et al.  P3 and stimulus incentive value. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[101]  D. Potter,et al.  Normal P300 following extensive damage to the left medial temporal lobe. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[102]  C. Yingling,et al.  A subcortical correlate of P300 in man. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[103]  Gary Aston-Jones,et al.  Behavioral functions of locus coeruleus derived from cellular attributes , 1985 .

[104]  N. Aleksidze,et al.  The neurochemical correlates of memory , 1982, Progress in Neurobiology.

[105]  J. Viel,et al.  Event-related potentials in Parkinson's disease: A 12-month follow-up study , 1993, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[106]  W. Sommer,et al.  Awareness of P300-related cognitive processes: a signal detection approach. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[107]  H Künkel,et al.  Effects of a cholinergic nootropic (WEB 1881 FU) on event-related potentials recorded in incidental and intentional memory tasks. , 1988, Neuropsychobiology.

[108]  M. Ansseau,et al.  Serotonergic modulation of P300 , 1998 .

[109]  F. Rösler,et al.  Delineation of pharmacopsychological effects by means of endogenous event-related brain potentials: an exemplification with flupentixol. , 1985, Neuropsychobiology.

[110]  T. Shinba,et al.  Event-related potentials in the dorsal hippocampus of rats during an auditory discrimination paradigm. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[111]  K. Squires,et al.  Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia. , 1978, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[112]  H. Markowitsch Problems with brain origins , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[113]  R. Letz,et al.  The P‐300 event‐related potential in experimental nitrous oxide exposure , 1988, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[114]  H Begleiter,et al.  Hemispheric differences for P300 amplitude from an auditory oddball task. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[115]  E. Donchin Presidential address, 1980. Surprise!...Surprise? , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[116]  N. Sitaram,et al.  The effect of clonidine on auditory P300 , 1989, Psychiatry Research.

[117]  M. Onofrj,et al.  Delayed P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) in thalamic hemorrhage. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[118]  R. Johnson,et al.  Scalp-recorded P300 activity in patients following unilateral temporal lobectomy. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[119]  J E Skinner,et al.  Selective regulation of thalamic sensory relay nuclei by nucleus reticularis thalami. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[120]  J E Skinner,et al.  Regulation of slow potential shifts in nucleus reticularis thalami by the mesencephalic reticular formation and the frontal granular cortex. , 1976, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[121]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[122]  John Polich,et al.  P300 from identical twins , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[123]  L. Squire,et al.  P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[124]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 differences between sinistrals and dextrals. , 1995, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[125]  L. Findley,et al.  Dopaminergic induced changes in cognitive and motor processing in Parkinson's disease: an electrophysiological investigation. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[126]  R. Ryan,et al.  Effect of methylphenidate on young adult's vigilance and event-related potentials. , 1981, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[127]  R. Herning,et al.  Effects of cocaine on P3B in cocaine abusers. , 1994, Neuropsychobiology.

[128]  H. Semlitsch,et al.  Topographic mapping of long latency “cognitive” event-related potentials (P 300): a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with amantadine in mild dementia , 1992, Journal of neural transmission. Parkinson's disease and dementia section.

[129]  J. Polich,et al.  Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: an integrative review , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[130]  B S Kopell,et al.  Effects of stimulus probability and task-relevance on event-related potentials. , 1976, Psychophysiology.

[131]  E Donchin,et al.  On how P300 amplitude varies with the utility of the eliciting stimuli. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[132]  Ray Johnson For Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology: Award Address, 1985 , 1986 .

[133]  R. Klorman,et al.  Effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's evoked responses during passive and active attention. , 1979, Psychophysiology.

[134]  Y. Mimori,et al.  The P300 event-related potentials in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Correlations between P300 and monoamine metabolites. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[135]  L. Garcia-Larrea,et al.  P3, positive slow wave and working memory load: a study on the functional correlates of slow wave activity. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[136]  T W Picton,et al.  Temporal and sequential probability in evoked potential studies. , 1981, Canadian journal of psychology.

[137]  J. Covington,et al.  P300, stimulus intensity, and modality. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[138]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from a single auditory stimulus. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[139]  Y. Katayama,et al.  Thalamic negativity associated with the endogenous late positive component of cerebral evoked potentials (P300): Recordings using discriminative aversive conditioning in humans and cats , 1985, Brain Research Bulletin.

[140]  Allison M. Fox,et al.  Differential impairments of selective attention due to frequency and duration of cannabis use , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[141]  G. Lubec,et al.  Auditory evoked potentials in young patients with Down syndrome. Event-related potentials (P3) and histaminergic system. , 1997, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[142]  A. Papanicolaou,et al.  Electric source localization of the auditory P300 agrees with magnetic source localization. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[143]  Werner Sommer,et al.  The expectancies that govern the P300 amplitude are mostly automatic and unconscious , 1998, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[144]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. I. Normal aging. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[145]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and probability: comparison of oddball and single-stimulus paradigms. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[146]  F T Smulders,et al.  The temporal selectivity of additive factor effects on the reaction process revealed in ERP component latencies. , 1995, Acta psychologica.

[147]  J. Rohrbaugh,et al.  Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. , 1980, Science.

[148]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  Late ERP components in visual and auditory Go/Nogo tasks. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[149]  D. Ruchkin,et al.  Functional differences between members of the P300 complex: P3e and P3b. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[150]  Rolf Verleger,et al.  Toward an integration of P3 research with cognitive neuroscience , 1998, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[151]  P. Fenwick,et al.  Contingent negative variation and evoked potential amplitude as a function of inspired nitrous oxide concentration. , 1979, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[152]  E Donchin,et al.  Sequential expectancies and decision making in a changing environment: an electrophysiological approach. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[153]  M. Falkenstein,et al.  Late visual and auditory ERP components and choice reaction time , 1993, Biological Psychology.

[154]  C. Nelson,et al.  Event-related potentials to emotional and neutral stimuli. , 1990, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[155]  E. Courchesne,et al.  Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[156]  R. Klorman,et al.  Effects of methylphenidate on stimulus evaluation and response processes: evidence from performance and event-related potentials. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[157]  S. Shappell,et al.  No decrement in visual P300 amplitude during extended performance of the oddball task. , 1986, The International journal of neuroscience.

[158]  T W Picton,et al.  Neurophysiological correlates of human concept formation. , 1978, Behavioral biology.

[159]  E Donchin,et al.  A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. , 1981, Science.

[160]  L. Bauer,et al.  Effects of two doses of methylphenidate on cross-situational and borderline hyperactive children's evoked potentials. , 1983, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[161]  B. Rockstroh Slow Brain Potentials and Behavior , 1982 .

[162]  E. Halgren,et al.  Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. III. Frontal cortex. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[163]  N. Birbaumer,et al.  Positive shifts of event-related potentials: a state of cortical disfacilitation as reflected by the startle reflex probe. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[164]  K. Meador,et al.  Diazepam Effects on the P3 Event‐Related Potential , 1992, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[165]  J. Pineda,et al.  Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on auditory, long-latency, event- related potentials in monkey , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[166]  M. Timsit-Berthier,et al.  Catecholaminergic function and P300 amplitude in major depressive disorder (P300 and catecholamines). , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[167]  H Begleiter,et al.  P300 hemispheric amplitude asymmetries from a visual oddball task. , 1995, Psychophysiology.

[168]  H. Heinze,et al.  Use of endogenous event-related potentials (ERP) in the evaluation of psychotropic substances: towards an ERP profile of drug effects. , 1986, Neuropsychobiology.

[169]  E. Domino,et al.  Further observations on the effects of subhypnotic doses of midazolam in normal volunteers. , 1989, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[170]  John Polich,et al.  P300 Sequence Effects, Probability, and Interstimulus Interval , 1997, Physiology & Behavior.

[171]  E. Donchin,et al.  Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[172]  R. Johnson A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[173]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 topography and modality effects from a single-stimulus paradigm. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[174]  M. Molnár,et al.  On the origin of the P3 event-related potential component. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[175]  M. Hansenne Le potentiel évoqué cognitif P300 (II) : variabilité interindividuelle et application clinique en psychopathologie , 2000, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology.

[176]  J. Ford,et al.  Event-related potentials recorded from young and old adults during a memory retrieval task. , 1979, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[177]  G. Mulder The Concept and Measurement of Mental Effort , 1986 .

[178]  J. Kropotov,et al.  Subcortical neuronal correlates of component P300 in man. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[179]  R. Johnson,et al.  Developmental evidence for modality-dependent P300 generators: a normative study. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[180]  K. Meador,et al.  Cholinergic and serotonergic effects on the P3 potential and recent memory. , 1989, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[181]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[182]  P. Stanzione,et al.  P300 variations in parkinsonian patients before and during dopaminergic monotherapy: a suggested dopamine component in P300. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[183]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  Effects of choice complexity on different subcomponents of the late positive complex of the event-related potential. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[184]  R. Näätänen The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function , 1990, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[185]  E. Donchin,et al.  On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes. , 1984, Psychophysiology.