HeartTrack: Convolutional neural network for remote video-based heart rate monitoring

Detection and continuous monitoring of heart rate can help us identify clinical relevance of some cardiac symptoms. Over the last decade, a lot of attention has been paid to the development of the algorigthms for remote photoplethysmography (rPPG). As a result, we can now accurately monitor heart rate of still sitting subjects using data extracted from video feed. Aside from methods based on hand-crafted features, there have also been developed the more advanced learning-based rPPG algorithms. Deep learning methods usually require large amounts of data for training, however, biomedical data often suffers from lack of real-life data. To address these issues, we have developed a HeartTrack convolutional neural network for remote video-based heart rate tracking. This learning-based method has been trained on synthetic data to accurately estimate heart rate in different conditions. Moreover, here we provide two new rPPG datasets - MoLi-ppg-1 and MoLi-ppg-2 - that were recorded in complicated conditions that were close to the natural ones. The datasets include videos that feature moving and talking subjects, different types of lighting, various equipment, etc. We have used our new MoLi-ppg-1 and MoLi-ppg-2 datasets for algorithm training and testing, and the existing UBFCRPPG dataset for the algorithm testing and comparison with other approaches. Our HeartTrack neural network shows state-of-the-art results on the UBFC-RPPG database (MAE=2.412, RMSE=3.368, R=0.983).

[1]  Nicu Sebe,et al.  Self-Adaptive Matrix Completion for Heart Rate Estimation from Face Videos under Realistic Conditions , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[2]  Zhao Yang,et al.  Motion-resistant heart rate measurement from face videos using patch-based fusion , 2019, Signal Image Video Process..

[3]  Daniel McDuff,et al.  DeepPhys: Video-Based Physiological Measurement Using Convolutional Attention Networks , 2018, ECCV.

[4]  Rabab K. Ward,et al.  Video-Based Heart Rate Measurement: Recent Advances and Future Prospects , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[5]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks , 2010, AISTATS.

[6]  Giovanna Castellano,et al.  Contact-Less Real-Time Monitoring of Cardiovascular Risk Using Video Imaging and Fuzzy Inference Rules , 2018, Inf..

[7]  Jiri Matas,et al.  Visual Heart Rate Estimation with Convolutional Neural Network , 2018, BMVC.

[8]  John Allen Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement , 2007, Physiological measurement.

[9]  David A. Clausi,et al.  Feasibility of long-distance heart rate monitoring using transmittance photoplethysmographic imaging (PPGI) , 2015, Scientific reports.

[10]  Ashok Veeraraghavan,et al.  DistancePPG: Robust non-contact vital signs monitoring using a camera , 2015, Biomedical optics express.

[11]  Yi Yang,et al.  Supervision-by-Registration: An Unsupervised Approach to Improve the Precision of Facial Landmark Detectors , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[12]  Piotr Augustyniak,et al.  Distant Measurement of Plethysmographic Signal in Various Lighting Conditions Using Configurable Frame-Rate Camera , 2016 .

[13]  Xun Chen,et al.  New insights on super-high resolution for video-based heart rate estimation with a semi-blind source separation method , 2019, Comput. Biol. Medicine.

[14]  Ross B. Girshick,et al.  Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[15]  Yannick Benezeth,et al.  Unsupervised skin tissue segmentation for remote photoplethysmography , 2017, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[16]  Jing Jin,et al.  Self-adaptive signal separation for non-contact heart rate estimation from facial video in realistic environments , 2018, Physiological measurement.

[17]  Bo Chen,et al.  MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications , 2017, ArXiv.

[18]  Erkki Oja,et al.  Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications , 2000, Neural Networks.

[19]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[20]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  Robust Remote Heart Rate Estimation from Face Utilizing Spatial-temporal Attention , 2019, 2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2019).

[21]  Tomasz Kocejko,et al.  Proceedings of the Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems pp. 405–410 ISBN 978-83-60810-22-4 Measuring Pulse Rate with a Webcam – a Non-contact Method for Evaluating Cardiac Activity , 2022 .

[22]  Gerard de Haan,et al.  Robust Pulse Rate From Chrominance-Based rPPG , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[23]  Heesung Kwon,et al.  Is Pretraining Necessary for hyperspectral image classification? , 2019, IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[24]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  SynRhythm: Learning a Deep Heart Rate Estimator from General to Specific , 2018, 2018 24th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR).

[25]  Yuting Yang,et al.  Simultaneous Monitoring of Ballistocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram Using a Camera , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[26]  N A Fenske,et al.  Structural and functional changes of normal aging skin. , 1986, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[27]  Frédéric Bousefsaf,et al.  3D Convolutional Neural Networks for Remote Pulse Rate Measurement and Mapping from Facial Video , 2019, Applied Sciences.