On-chip ring network designs for hard-real time systems

Rings have been extensively used in high-performance systems to improve performance and scalability, and to reduce cost, energy and design effort. However, in the real-time domain, they have not been thoroughly analyzed to provide worst-case time bounds. We propose several on-chip ring designs in shared-memory multicore processors that enable the computation of trustworthy upper bounds to the time required for a packet to traverse the ring, which is a fundamental requirement to enable their use in real-time systems.

[1]  S. Naffziger,et al.  Statistical clock skew modeling with data delay variations , 2001, IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst..

[2]  Russell Tessier,et al.  The NuMesh: a modular, scalable communications substrate , 1993, ICS '93.

[3]  Francisco J. Cazorla,et al.  Hardware support for WCET analysis of hard real-time multicore systems , 2009, ISCA '09.

[4]  William J. Dally,et al.  Principles and Practices of Interconnection Networks , 2004 .

[5]  Jason A. Poovey Characterization of the EEMBC Benchmark Suite , 2007 .

[6]  Balaram Sinharoy,et al.  POWER4 system microarchitecture , 2002, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[7]  Francisco J. Cazorla,et al.  An Analyzable Memory Controller for Hard Real-Time CMPs , 2009, IEEE Embedded Systems Letters.

[8]  Per Stenström,et al.  Timing anomalies in dynamically scheduled microprocessors , 1999, Proceedings 20th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (Cat. No.99CB37054).

[9]  Lui Sha,et al.  Optimizing Tunable WCET with Shared Resource Allocation and Arbitration in Hard Real-Time Multicore Systems , 2011, 2011 IEEE 32nd Real-Time Systems Symposium.

[10]  Balaram Sinharoy,et al.  POWER5 system microarchitecture , 2005, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[11]  Martin Schoeberl,et al.  A Time-Triggered Network-on-Chip , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications.

[12]  Carmen Carrión,et al.  A flow control mechanism to avoid message deadlock in k-ary n-cube networks , 1997, Proceedings Fourth International Conference on High-Performance Computing.

[13]  Pradeep Dubey,et al.  Platform 2015: Intel ® Processor and Platform Evolution for the Next Decade , 2005 .

[14]  Joe Pelissier,et al.  Providing Quality of Service over InfiniBandTM Architecture Fabrics , 2000 .

[15]  Cruz Izu,et al.  The Adaptive Bubble Router , 2001, J. Parallel Distributed Comput..

[16]  Martin Schoeberl,et al.  A Statically Scheduled Time-Division-Multiplexed Network-on-Chip for Real-Time Systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE/ACM Sixth International Symposium on Networks-on-Chip.

[17]  William J. Bowhill,et al.  A 32nm 3.1 billion transistor 12-wide-issue Itanium® processor for mission-critical servers , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[18]  William J. Bowhill,et al.  A 32 nm, 3.1 Billion Transistor, 12 Wide Issue Itanium® Processor for Mission-Critical Servers , 2012, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[19]  S. Gjessing,et al.  A fairness algorithm for high-speed networks based on a resilient packet ring architecture , 2002, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[20]  Torsten Hoefler,et al.  Characterizing the Influence of System Noise on Large-Scale Applications by Simulation , 2010, 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis.

[21]  José Duato,et al.  Studying the influence of the InfiniBand packet size to guarantee QoS , 2005, 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC'05).

[22]  Yoram Ofek,et al.  MetaRing-a full-duplex ring with fairness and spatial reuse , 1993, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[23]  Thomas M. Conte,et al.  A Benchmark Characterization of the EEMBC Benchmark Suite , 2009, IEEE Micro.

[24]  Hong Jiang,et al.  Hierarchical Ring Network Configuration and Performance Modeling , 2001, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[25]  Peter Marwedel,et al.  Bus-Aware Multicore WCET Analysis through TDMA Offset Bounds , 2011, 2011 23rd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems.

[26]  Kees G. W. Goossens,et al.  Aelite: A flit-synchronous Network on Chip with composable and predictable services , 2009, 2009 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition.

[27]  Chris Fallin,et al.  A High-Performance Hierarchical Ring On-Chip Interconnect with Low-Cost Routers , 2011 .

[28]  Michael Stumm,et al.  A performance comparison of hierarchical ring- and mesh-connected multiprocessor networks , 1997, Proceedings Third International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture.