A Massively Multi-user Online Game Framework for Agent-Based Spatial Simulation

Agent-based models (ABMs) (also referred to as multi-agent systems, or MAS, in literature) are widely used to model complex adaptive systems (CAS) through representing dynamic non-linear interactions amongst a large number of heterogeneous agents and their environments. However, these models often oversimplify real-life decisions and lack the cognitive authenticity present in real-world interactions. In this paper we argue that although role-playing games (RPGs) and massive multi-player online games were developed separately from ABMs, both exhibit high levels of spatially situated participation or collaboration, social interaction, and knowledge construction. We describe an online map-based gaming platform which simulates spatial scenarios as MAS using human participants as the decision agents. We use our prototype to demonstrate and discuss challenges that cyberGIS faces towards the facilitation of massively multi-user computational resources and methods along with the opportunities for a cyberGIS framework to provide improved understanding of complex systems.

[1]  Z. Popovic,et al.  Crystal structure of a monomeric retroviral protease solved by protein folding game players , 2011, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[2]  Craig W. Thompson Next-Generation Virtual Worlds: Architecture, Status, and Directions , 2011, IEEE Internet Computing.

[3]  Li An,et al.  Modeling human decisions in coupled human and natural systems: Review of agent-based models , 2012 .

[4]  Andrew Crooks,et al.  Mapping for the Masses , 2009 .

[5]  Radu Prodan,et al.  Cost-efficient hosting and load balancing of Massively Multiplayer Online Games , 2010, 2010 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing.

[6]  Tran Ngoc Trung,et al.  Participatory Simulation of Land-Use Changes in the Northern Mountains of Vietnam: the Combined Use of an Agent-Based Model, a Role-Playing Game, and a Geographic Information System , 2005 .

[7]  Olivier Barreteau,et al.  Contribution of simulation and gaming to natural resource management issues: An introduction , 2007 .

[8]  S. Gorman,et al.  Volunteered Geographic Information and Crowdsourcing Disaster Relief: A Case Study of the Haitian Earthquake , 2010 .

[9]  Kuan-Ta Chen,et al.  Is Server Consolidation Beneficial to MMORPG? A Case Study of World of Warcraft , 2010, 2010 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing.

[10]  Marti A. Hearst,et al.  The state of the art in automating usability evaluation of user interfaces , 2001, CSUR.

[11]  Keith A. Butler,et al.  Usability engineering turns 10 , 1996, INTR.

[12]  Stephen Lansing,et al.  Complex Adaptive Systems , 2003 .

[13]  Euel Elliott,et al.  Adaptive agents, intelligence, and emergent human organization: Capturing complexity through agent-based modeling , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  Daren C. Brabham Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving , 2008 .

[15]  Richard C. Carter,et al.  The Juba Sugar Estate Game , 1989 .

[16]  Manuela Vieira Pak,et al.  Designing and implementing a Role-Playing Game: A tool to explain factors, decision making and landscape transformation , 2010, Environ. Model. Softw..

[17]  Peter M. A. Sloot,et al.  Simulating Complex Systems by Cellular Automata , 2010, Simulating Complex Systems by Cellular Automata.

[18]  Franz Leberl,et al.  ONLINE MAPS AND CLOUD-SUPPORTED LOCATION-BASED SERVICES ACROSS A MANIFOLD OF DEVICES , 2012 .

[19]  François Bousquet,et al.  Role-playing games for opening the black box of multi-agent systems: method and lessons of its application to Senegal River Valley irrigated systems , 2001, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[20]  Michael F. Goodchild,et al.  Spatial cloud computing: how can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing? , 2011, Int. J. Digit. Earth.

[21]  R. DeFries,et al.  Anthropogenic Drivers of Ecosystem Change: an Overview , 2006 .

[22]  Erle C. Ellis,et al.  Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000 , 2010 .

[23]  Daniel Z. Sui,et al.  Crossing the qualitative-quantitative chasm I , 2012 .

[24]  Jean-Christophe Castella,et al.  Agrarian transition and lowland-upland interactions in mountain areas in northern Vietnam: application of a multi-agent simulation model , 2005 .

[25]  Christian Bauckhage,et al.  Guns, swords and data: Clustering of player behavior in computer games in the wild , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG).

[26]  Shinichi Honiden,et al.  Agent-Based Participatory Simulations: Merging Multi-Agent Systems and Role-Playing Games , 2006, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[27]  Shaowen Wang A CyberGIS Framework for the Synthesis of Cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and Spatial Analysis , 2010 .

[28]  François Bousquet,et al.  Modelling with stakeholders , 2010, Environ. Model. Softw..

[29]  Michael Batty,et al.  Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities Through Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models and Fractals , 2005 .

[30]  Alessandro Canossa,et al.  Evaluating motion: spatial user behaviour in virtual environments , 2011, Int. J. Arts Technol..

[31]  Eric Bonabeau,et al.  Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Steven M. Manson,et al.  Complexity Science, Complex Systems, and Land-Use Research , 2005 .

[33]  Eric F. Lambin,et al.  Land-use and land-cover change : local processes and global impacts , 2010 .

[34]  Olivier Barreteau,et al.  Our Companion Modelling Approach , 2003, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[35]  John H. Miller,et al.  Complex adaptive systems - an introduction to computational models of social life , 2009, Princeton studies in complexity.

[36]  Sean Luke,et al.  Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art , 2005, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.

[37]  M. Janssen Complexity and Ecosystem Management: The Theory and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems , 2003 .

[38]  François Bousquet,et al.  Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review , 2004 .

[39]  J. Gareth Polhill,et al.  Agent-based land-use models: a review of applications , 2007, Landscape Ecology.

[40]  Ola Ahlqvist,et al.  Converging Themes in Cartography and Computer Games , 2011 .

[41]  Kurt Squire,et al.  Game-based learning : present and future state of the field , 2005 .

[42]  M. Janssen,et al.  Multi-Agent Systems for the Simulation of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: A Review , 2003 .

[43]  G. Nigel Gilbert,et al.  Simulation for the social scientist , 1999 .

[44]  Nicolas Becu,et al.  Participatory computer simulation to support collective decision-making: Potential and limits of stakeholder involvement , 2008 .

[45]  Jean-Christophe Castella,et al.  Combination of process-oriented and pattern-oriented models of land-use change in a mountain area of Vietnam , 2007 .

[46]  G. Chapman,et al.  The Folklore of the Perceived Environment in Bihar , 1983 .

[47]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  HPABM: A Hierarchical Parallel Simulation Framework for Spatially‐explicit Agent‐based Models , 2009, Trans. GIS.

[48]  Steven F. Railsback,et al.  Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling: A Practical Introduction , 2011 .

[49]  Paul M. Torrens,et al.  Cellular Automata and Multi-agent Systems as Planning Support Tools , 2003 .

[50]  E. Ostrom,et al.  Empirically Based, Agent-based models , 2006 .

[51]  Raja Sengupta,et al.  Geospatial Agents, Agents Everywhere . . . , 2007, Trans. GIS.

[52]  David J. Campbell,et al.  Using a role-playing game to inform the development of land-use models for the study of a complex socio-ecological system , 2010 .

[53]  Elinor Ostrom,et al.  Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems , 2007, Science.

[54]  M. Goodchild Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography , 2007 .

[55]  Lloyd P. Rieber,et al.  Seriously considering play: Designing interactive learning environments based on the blending of microworlds, simulations, and games , 1996 .

[56]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  CyberGIS: blueprint for integrated and scalable geospatial software ecosystems , 2013, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[57]  R. Moss,et al.  Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment , 2003 .

[58]  E. Ostrom A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997 , 1998, American Political Science Review.

[59]  Alessandro Canossa,et al.  Analyzing spatial user behavior in computer games using geographic information systems , 2009, MindTrek '09.

[60]  Timothy A. Kohler,et al.  The model-based archaeology of socionatural systems , 2007 .

[61]  Christophe Le Page,et al.  Participatory Agent-Based Simulation for Renewable Resource Management: The Role of the Cormas Simulation Platform to Nurture a Community of Practice , 2012, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[62]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  A parallel computing approach to viewshed analysis of large terrain data using graphics processing units , 2013, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[63]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  CyberGIS - Toward synergistic advancement of cyberinfrastructure and GIScience: A workshop summary , 2012, J. Spatial Inf. Sci..

[64]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  CyberGIS for data-intensive knowledge discovery , 2015, SIGSPACIAL.

[65]  Christophe Le Page,et al.  Combining multi-agent simulations and cost-benefit analysis to evaluate policy options for the management of livestock effluents in Réunion Island , 2008 .

[66]  Ronald R Rindfuss,et al.  Developing a science of land change: challenges and methodological issues. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[67]  Robert T Hays,et al.  The Effectiveness of Instructional Games: A Literature Review and Discussion , 2005 .

[68]  M. Hare,et al.  Further towards a taxonomy of agent-based simulation models in environmental management , 2004, Math. Comput. Simul..

[69]  Bruce Phillips,et al.  Tracking real-time user experience (TRUE): a comprehensive instrumentation solution for complex systems , 2008, CHI.

[70]  Ola Ahlqvist,et al.  Geospatial Human‐environment Simulation through Integration of Massive Multiplayer Online Games and Geographic Information Systems , 2012, Trans. GIS.

[71]  François Bousquet,et al.  Companion Modeling, Conflict Resolution, and Institution Building: Sharing Irrigation Water in the Lingmuteychu Watershed, Bhutan , 2006 .

[72]  Jens Ingensand,et al.  Task-oriented Usability Evaluation of a WebGIS for a Real-World Community , 2010 .

[73]  Adrie J. M. Beulens,et al.  Validation of an agent-based model for spatial planning: A role-playing approach , 2010, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[74]  Shaowen Wang,et al.  CyberGIS Gateway for enabling data‐rich geospatial research and education , 2015, Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp..

[75]  Eric F. Lambin,et al.  Land-Use and Land-Cover Change , 2006 .

[76]  Päivi Haho,et al.  Participative development and training for business processes in industry: review of 88 simulation games , 2001, Int. J. Technol. Manag..

[77]  Robert Axelrod Advancing the art of simulation in the social sciences , 1997 .

[78]  Dawn J. Wright,et al.  The emergence of spatial cyberinfrastructure , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[79]  François Bousquet,et al.  Companion modeling and multi-agent systems for integrated natural resource management in Asia , 2005 .