Routage Unicast et Multicast dans les réseaux mobiles Ad hoc

Les Reseaux mobiles ad hoc (MANETs) appartiennent a une categorie de reseaux sans fils qui n'a pas besoin d'infrastructure, chaque nœud jouant le role de l'hote ainsi que du routeur. Les equipements mobiles dans ces reseaux sont generalement de petites tailles (PC portable, PDA...) d'ou les contraintes de ressources en terme de memoire et de batteries. Ces reseaux sont caracterises par la faible bande passante qui diminue egalement en raison des interferences des signaux ainsi que la depletion sur le canal (channel fading). Par consequence, un nouveau type de routage est necessaire pour ameliorer la fiabilite de transmission. Certain protocoles de routage doivent etre adoptes en prenant en compte la mobilite des nœuds ainsi que le manque des ressources. Puisque plusieurs applications de ces reseaux necessitent la collaboration et la communication parmi les groupes de nœuds, les protocoles de routage multicast jouent un role tres important. Les communication multicast sont plus efficaces que les communications unicast dans un environnement radio car elles profitent de la propriete de diffusion dans le canal radio et donc economisent l'utilisation de la bande passante ainsi que la consommation d'energie. Le but de cette these est de proposer de nouveaux mecanismes et protocoles unicast et multicast pouvant repondre a plusieurs exigences comme la fiabilite, l'efficacite, l'adaptabilite, et la consommation d'energie. Nous presentons trois contributions. La premiere contribution dans cette these concerne le routage unicast. Nous proposons un mecanisme de routage qui s'adapte aux changements frequents de topologie ainsi que la faible puissance des batteries. Ce mecanisme, appele Energy Conserving Dynamic Source Routing (EC-DSR), modifie le protocole de routage Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) en considerant la stabilite des nœuds voisins ainsi que la consommation d'energie pendant la construction des chemins. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous etudions le probleme du routage multicast dans les reseaux ad hoc. Nous avons etudie les limitations des protocoles de routage multicast classiques ainsi que les problemes dans les protocoles de routage multicast existants dans les reseaux ad hoc. Notre but etant de fournir un routage multicast efficace qui consomme moins de ressources. Un nouveau protocole de routage multicast, appele Source Routing-based Multicast Protocol (SRMP), est propose. Ce protocole utilise le concept de "source routing" pour minimiser la charge sur le reseau. SRMP permet une forte connectivite ainsi qu'une stabilite des liens entre les nœuds tout en minimisant la consommation d'energie. A fin d'evaluer nos deux propositions, nous les avons implemente sous le simulateur ns-2. Une etude comparative est aussi menee pour evaluer EC-DSR vis a vis DSR et montrer l'amelioration attendue de EC-DSR. De plus, une etude comparative est menee dans le cadre du multicast qui compare SRMP vis a vis On-demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) et Adaptive Demand-driven Multicast Routing (ADMR). Les resultats obtenus sont favorables pour SRMP dans plusieurs points. Un environnement de simulations realiste est fourni et permet d'etudier plusieurs modeles de mobilite dans nos experiences. L'effet de changement du modele de mobilite sur la performance de chaque protocole est etudie. Dans un troisieme temps, Nous etudions SRMP d'un point de vue analytique. Un modele analytique base sur la theorie des graphes aleatoires est derive. Les resultats numeriques de ce modele montrent le comportement de transition de phase pour certaines proprietes de SRMP, particulierement ceux concernees par la connectivite.

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