Pathogen small RNAs: a new class of effectors for pathogen attacks.

INTRODUCTIONOver recent decades, profound findings in plant pathologyresearch have made tremendous contributions to our understand-ing of how pathogens are able to colonize the biological niche ofa living plant.Genetic approaches have determined pathogenicityor virulence factors, and the exploration of these factors hasbroadened our understanding of host–pathogen interactions. Agroupofvirulencegenesthatcodeforsecretedproteinsarecalledeffectors, and have received much attention, because effectorsinterfere with and manipulate host defence pathways for infec-tion. To counter against pathogen effectors, host plants evolve

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