Photon Counting in Diffuse Optical Imaging

The high sensitivity and the picosecond time resolution of time-correlated single photon counting have led to the application of this technique for diffuse optical imaging of biological tissue in vivo in the near-infrared spectral range. In this chapter the fundamentals of photon propagation in biological tissue and the concept of the distribution of times of flight of scattered photons are briefly discussed. Then the main features of time-resolved, frequency-domain, and continuous-wave techniques are compared. An overview is given on the application of time-correlated single photon counting for investigations on human breast tissue, on the brain, and on muscle tissue. In the second part, experimental approaches and clinical studies on the detection and characterization of breast tumors based on oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations are considered in more detail. The application of time-resolved measurements to monitor breast tumor degeneration by neoadjuvant chemotherapy is discussed. Finally, fluorescence mammography with the contrast agent indocyanine green is considered as a tool to improve differentiation between malignant and benign breast lesions.

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