Influence of powder structure on processing and properties of advanced ceramics

Abstract Obtaining a good powder is the most important step in making an advanced ceramic. This review is an attempt to distinguish the features which allow a good powder to be recognised. Chemical purity, grain size, and particle shape are obvious important characteristics which are readily assessed. However, the mouldability, sintering and properties of advanced ceramics depend critically on less well defined powder characteristics such as surface energy, surface reactivity and agglomerate structure. The measurement of these subtle powder parameters, their control and modification, and their effects on the manufacture and properties of advanced ceramic components are discussed in detail.

[1]  K. Kendall,et al.  Engineering ceramics – the process problem , 1986 .

[2]  A. Roosen,et al.  Techniques for Agglomeration Control During Wet-Chemical Powder Synthesis , 1988 .

[3]  R. Rice.  Mechanically reliable ceramics: Needs and opportunities to understand and control fracture , 1984 .

[4]  R. Coble.  Sintering Crystalline Solids. II. Experimental Test of Diffusion Models in Powder Compacts , 1961 .

[5]  Sintering of Covalent Solids , 1976 .

[6]  The strengths of flame-polished sapphire crystals , 1966 .

[7]  K. Kendall,et al.  High-strength ceramics through colloidal control to remove defects , 1987, Nature.

[8]  W. H. Rhodes,et al.  Agglomerate and Particle Size Effects on Sintering Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia , 1981 .

[9]  M. Edirisinghe,et al.  Review: Fabrication of engineering ceramics by injection moulding. I. Materials selection , 1986 .

[10]  J. S. Smith,et al.  PREPARATION OF ULTRA-HIGH-PURITY SUBMICRON REFRACTORY OXIDES , 1965 .

[11]  Frederick F. Lange,et al.  Processing‐Related Fracture Origins: II, Agglomerate Motion and Cracklike Internal Surfaces Caused by Differential Sintering , 1983 .

[12]  W. Clegg,et al.  Physical and mechanical properties of YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductors , 1988 .

[13]  Frederick F. Lange,et al.  Sinterability of Agglomerated Powders , 1984 .

[14]  M. Yan.  Microstructural control in the processing of electronic ceramics , 1981 .

[15]  K. Kendall,et al.  A new method for measuring the surface energy of solids , 1987, Nature.

[16]  Weibull Modulus of Toughened Ceramics , 1986 .

[17]  J. E. Burke,et al.  Influence of Additives on the Microstructure of Sintered Al2O3 , 1973 .

[18]  G. Ziegler,et al.  Influence of powder properties and processing conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered Si3N4 , 1984 .

[19]  W. Stöber,et al.  Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range , 1968 .

[20]  F. F. Lange.  Processing‐Related Fracture Origins: I, Observations in Sintered and Isostatically Hot‐Pressed A12O3/ZrO2 Composites , 1983 .

[21]  Conyers Herring,et al.  Effect of Change of Scale on Sintering Phenomena , 1950 .

[22]  T. Gupta.  Possible Correlation Between Density and Grain Size During Sintering , 1972 .

[23]  G. Kuczynski.  Study of the Sintering of Glass , 1949 .

[24]  Robert L. Coble,et al.  Initial Sintering of Alumina and Hematite , 1958 .

[25]  K. Kendall,et al.  Elasticity of particle assemblies as a measure of the surface energy of solids , 1987, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[26]  M. Sacks,et al.  Low‐Temperature Sintering of Aluminum Oxide , 1988 .

[27]  R. Stewart,et al.  Characterisation of Concentrated Colloidal Suspensions for Ceramic Processing , 1984 .

[28]  J. S. Smith,et al.  Cubic Phase Stabilization of Translucent Yttria‐Zirconia at Very Low Temperatures , 1967 .

[29]  B. I. Davis,et al.  Processing‐Related Fracture Origins: III, Differential Sintering of ZrO2 Agglomerates in Al2O3/ZrO2 Composite , 1983 .

[30]  M. Harmer,et al.  Effect of MgO Solute on the Kinetics of Grain Growth in A12O3 , 1983 .

[31]  D. Furlong,et al.  The precipitation of silica on titanium dioxide surfaces , 1979 .

[32]  H. Kent Bowen,et al.  Basic research needs on high temperature ceramics for energy applications , 1980 .

[33]  F. Lange.  Structural ceramics: A question of fabrication reliability , 1984 .

[34]  D. W. Richerson,et al.  Evolution in the U.S. of ceramic technology for turbine engines , 1985 .

[35]  M. Adams,et al.  A fracture mechanics approach to the breakage of particle agglomerates , 1987 .

[36]  K. Kendall,et al.  The effect of density on critical current and oxygen stoichiometry of YBa2Cu3O x superconductors , 1988, Nature.

[37]  K. Kendall,et al.  Inadequacy of Coulomb's friction law for particle assemblies , 1986, Nature.

[38]  J. Singh.  Effect of Flaws on the Fracture Behavior of Structural Ceramics: A Review , 1988 .

[39]  W. W. Rhodes,et al.  Low temperature sintering of TiO2 , 1983 .

[40]  K. Kendall,et al.  Influence of toughness on Weibull modulus of ceramic bending strength , 1986 .

[41]  R. Brook.  Processing technology for high performance ceramics , 1985 .

[42]  J. Bridgwater,et al.  The influence of formulation on extrudate structure and strength , 1987 .

[43]  F. Lange.  Fabrication and properties of dense polyphase silicon nitride , 1983 .