Detection of dopamine in non-treated urine samples using glassy carbon electrodes modified with PAMAM dendrimer-Pt composites

Abstract Composites of hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimers, generation 4.0 (64 peripheral OH groups) containing Pt nanoparticles were synthesized at different reaction times using a microwave reactor. The synthetic procedure resulted in dendrimer encapsulated nanoparticles of Pt (DENs-Pt) of 1.53 ± 0.17 nm diameter that was calculated from transmission electron microscopy, and the Pt nanoparticles had single crystal plane in (1 1 1) orientation determinate by selective area diffraction. Each composite was electrochemically immobilized on a pre-functionalized glassy carbon (GC) electrode that was incorporated as a flow injection amperometric (FIA) detector, for the selective detection and quantification of dopamine (DA) in untreated urine samples. Comparison of the analytical performance of the novel electrochemical detector revealed that the DENs-Pt modified GC electrode with the composite synthesized for 30 min in the microwave reactor, showed the best response for the detection of DA in samples of non-treated urine, being the detection and quantification limits smaller (19 and 9 ppb, respectively) than those corresponding to the naked a GC electrode (846 and 423 ppb, respectively) using the FIA detector. In addition, it was found that this electroanalytical approach suffers minimal matrix effects that arise in the analysis of DA in untreated samples of urine.

[1]  R. Crooks,et al.  Homogeneous Hydrogenation Catalysis with Monodisperse, Dendrimer-Encapsulated Pd and Pt Nanoparticles. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[2]  L. A. Baker,et al.  Preparation and characterization of dendrimer-gold colloid nanocomposites. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  R. Crooks,et al.  Dendrimer-Encapsulated Metals and Semiconductors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications , 2001 .

[4]  H. Hill,et al.  Homogeneous ferrocene-mediated amperometric immunoassay. , 1986, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Sudhakar R. Sainkar,et al.  PEPSIN-GOLD COLLOID CONJUGATES: PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY , 2001 .

[6]  E. Wang,et al.  One-Step Synthesis and Size Control of Dendrimer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: A Heat-Treatment-Based Strategy , 2003 .

[7]  S. Ghosh,et al.  UV Photoactivation for Size and Shape Controlled Synthesis and Coalescence of Gold Nanoparticles in Micelles , 2002 .

[8]  Xuping Sun,et al.  Size-controlled synthesis of dendrimer-protected gold nanoparticles by microwave radiation , 2005 .

[9]  Richard M. Crooks,et al.  Preparation of Cu Nanoclusters within Dendrimer Templates , 1998 .

[10]  K. Esumi,et al.  Preparation of Gold−Dendrimer Nanocomposites by Laser Irradiation and Their Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol , 2003 .

[11]  S. Dong,et al.  Alternate assemblies of platinum nanoparticles and metalloporphyrins as tunable electrocatalysts for dioxygen reduction. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[12]  Xiaochun Xu,et al.  Synthesis of a high-permeance NaA zeolite membrane by microwave heating , 2000 .

[13]  T. Chapman,et al.  Glassy carbon electrodes modified with composites of starburst-PAMAM dendrimers containing metal nanoparticles for amperometric detection of dopamine in urine. , 2007, Talanta.

[14]  Y. Wada,et al.  Preparation of ag core-Cu shell nanoparticles by microwave-assisted alcohol reduction process , 2007 .

[15]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  A nanoscale optical biosensor: sensitivity and selectivity of an approach based on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of triangular silver nanoparticles. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[16]  R. Valluzzi,et al.  Internal structure of silver-poly(amidoamine) dendrimer complexes and nanocomposites , 2002 .

[17]  A. Suzuki,et al.  Preparation of gold nanoparticles in formamide and N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with surface methyl ester groups , 2001 .

[18]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 1980 .

[19]  Lajos P. Balogh,et al.  Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimer-Templated Nanocomposites. 1. Synthesis of Zerovalent Copper Nanoclusters , 1998 .

[20]  Li Wang,et al.  A novel hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on colloidal Au modified ITO electrode , 2004 .

[21]  Huangxian Ju,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase-labeled Au colloids immobilized on gold electrode surface by cysteamine monolayer , 1999 .

[22]  M. Fox,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications of a Palladium-Nanoparticle-Cored Dendrimer , 2003 .

[23]  R. Gedye,et al.  The use of microwave ovens for rapid organic synthesis , 1986 .

[24]  Shiyi Xu,et al.  A novel method to construct a third-generation biosensor: self-assembling gold nanoparticles on thiol-functionalized poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) nanospheres. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  Aiguo Wu,et al.  A method to construct a third-generation horseradish peroxidase biosensor: self-assembling gold nanoparticles to three-dimensional sol-gel network. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  Yi Lu,et al.  A colorimetric lead biosensor using DNAzyme-directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  E. Wang,et al.  One-step preparation and characterization of poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer-protected silver nanoclusters , 2004 .

[28]  Ying Zhang,et al.  A reagentless amperometric immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles/thionine/Nafion-membrane-modified gold electrode for determination of α-1-fetoprotein , 2005 .

[29]  R. Crooks,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of Dendrimer-Encapsulated CdS Semiconductor Quantum Dots , 2000 .