Auditory noise associated with MR procedures: a review.

This review article discusses the various types of acoustic noise produced during the operation of MR systems, describes the characteristics of the acoustic noise, and presents information regarding noise control techniques. In addition, the problems related to acoustic noise for patients and healthcare workers are discussed.

[1]  E Kanal,et al.  Safety considerations in MR imaging. , 1990, Radiology.

[2]  A. Goldman,et al.  Reduction of sound levels with antinoise in MR imaging. , 1989, Radiology.

[3]  V M Haughton,et al.  Functional MR of the primary auditory cortex: an analysis of pure tone activation and tone discrimination. , 1997, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[4]  Richard Bowtell,et al.  Active acoustic screening : design principles for quiet gradient coils in MRI , 1994 .

[5]  A Briguet,et al.  STEAM‐Burst: A single‐shot, multi‐slice imaging sequence without rapid gradient switching , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[6]  M McJury,et al.  The use of active noise control (ANC) to reduce acoustic noise generated during MRI scanning: some initial results. , 1997, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[7]  Tzi-Dar Chiueh,et al.  Active cancellation system of acoustic noise in MR imaging , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[8]  P Mansfield,et al.  Quite transverse gradiant coils: Lorentz force balanced designs using geometrical similitude , 1995, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[9]  J. S. Kim,et al.  A new silent magnetic resonance imaging using a rotating DC gradient , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[10]  S.J. Elliott,et al.  Active noise control , 1993, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine.

[11]  R E Brummett,et al.  Potential hearing loss resulting from MR imaging. , 1988, Radiology.

[12]  P. Lauterbur,et al.  Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1973, Nature.

[13]  F. Shellock,et al.  Policies, guidelines, and recommendations for MR imaging safety and patient management , 1991, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[14]  F G Shellock,et al.  Measurement of acoustic noise during MR imaging: evaluation of six "worst-case" pulse sequences. , 1994, Radiology.

[15]  G. Laurell,et al.  Combined Effects of Noise and Cisplatin: Short- and Long-Term Follow-Up , 1992, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[16]  L A Hayman,et al.  Preliminary report: changes in vital signs of term newborns during MR. , 1996, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[17]  P. Bandettini,et al.  Functional MRI of brain activation induced by scanner acoustic noise , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[18]  D Atkinson,et al.  Determination of gradient magnetic field‐induced acoustic noise associated with the use of echo planar and three‐dimensional, fast spin echo techniques , 1998, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[19]  M. Quirk,et al.  Anxiety in patients undergoing MR imaging. , 1989, Radiology.

[20]  B B Biswal,et al.  Acoustic echoplanar scanner noise and pure tone hearing thresholds: the effects of sequence repetition times and acoustic noise rates. , 1998, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[21]  P. Röschmann.  Human auditory system response to pulsed radiofrequency energy in RF coils for magnetic resonance at 2.4 to 170 MHz , 1991, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[22]  R Bowtell,et al.  Analytic approach to the design of transverse gradient coils with co‐axial return paths , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[23]  P Mansfield,et al.  Sound generation in gradient coil structures for MRI , 1998, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[24]  E Borg,et al.  MRI acoustic noise: Sound pressure and frequency analysis , 1997, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[25]  P Mansfield,et al.  An assessment of the intrauterine sound intensity level during obstetric echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging. , 1995, The British journal of radiology.

[26]  M J McJury,et al.  Acoustic noise levels generated during high field MR imaging. , 1995, Clinical radiology.

[27]  S. R. Lane,et al.  Acoustic analysis of gradient-coil noise in MR imaging. , 1989, Radiology.

[28]  Jens Frahm,et al.  Stimulated echo imaging , 1985 .

[29]  W A Edelstein,et al.  Characterization and prediction of gradient acoustic noise in MR imagers , 1997, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[30]  Z H Cho,et al.  Analysis of acoustic noise in MRI. , 1997, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[31]  M McJury,et al.  Acoustic noise levels during magnetic resonance imaging scanning at 1.5 T , 1994 .