Foam-Scattering Effects on Microwave Emission From Foam-Covered Ocean Surface

In this letter, we investigate volume-scattering effects on microwave emission from a foam-covered ocean surface by a comparative study of emissivities and polarization indexes of a numerical radiative transfer model and an incoherent emission model. The matrix doubling method is applied in the numerical model, which fully accounts for the multiple scattering in the foam layer and at the interfaces. The incoherent emission model considers incoherent interactions between air–foam and foam–seawater interfaces but ignores the volume scattering in the foam layer. Model analyses show that foam volume scattering affects both the magnitude and polarization index of emission from the foam-covered ocean surface. Foam volume scattering reduces the rate of increase in emissivity with increasing foam water fraction. Results also show that polarization index is more sensitive to volume scattering at a large observation angle and at a low foam water fraction. Comparison between model predictions and experimental measurements accentuate the need to account for foam-scattering effects in interpreting emission measurements from the foam-covered ocean surface.