Insecticidal control and resistance management for Bemisia tabaci

Abstract Historically, Bemisia tabaci has been difficult to control with conventional insecticides in agronomic and horticultural production systems. In the past 10 years, new insecticide chemistries have been introduced that provide a diversity of novel modes of action and routes of activity to effectively control whiteflies. The chemistries that have had the most immediate impact on B. tabaci control include the nicotinoids and insect growth regulators (IGRs). The nicotinoids are systemic neurotoxins that target acetylcholine receptors in the insect nervous system. Imidacloprid, the first nicotinoid registered, has been largely responsible for the sustained management of B. tabaci in horticultural production systems worldwide. The non-neurotoxic IGRs, including buprofezin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, and pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, have also played important roles in controlling B. tabaci, particularly on cotton in North America and Israel. Collectively, the novel biochemical attributes and biological activities of these insecticides make them extremely effective. Consequently, intensive use of these products in some production systems has resulted in reduced susceptibility of B. tabaci. Insecticide resistance management strategies based on the structured and restricted use of these new modes of action, and coupled with the use of cultural and biological pest management tactics, presently provides the best model for combating insecticide resistance in B. tabaci.