Analysis and modeling of diffuse ultrasonic signals for structural health monitoring

To my wife, I-Wen for her patience, support, and unending love iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to earnestly thank my advisor, Dr. Jennifer Michaels, for her excellent guidance and patience, and for providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing research. Throughout my doctoral work, Dr. Michaels always gave me the freedom to pursue my own interests and provided valuable guidance and support. Dr. Michaels frequently brought new ideas to my research, solved many technical details with me, encouraged me to develop independent thinking and research skills, greatly assisted me with scientific writing, and often worked long hours with me. Dr. Michaels loves research and teaching, and her dedication to her career has continually inspired me. Jenny, thanks for everything. As your student, I will always refer to your advice throughout my career and try to prove that your effort is not in vain. I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Michaels for providing valuable advice on many of my experiments, teaching me how to make ultrasonic transducers and use experimental equipments, spending countless time in reading and revising my papers throughout my doctoral research, and as one of my doctoral committee members, encouraging and helping me to finish my dissertation. their continual support and encouragement. his encouragement and help, I would not have had the courage and opportunity to obtain this degree from Georgia Tech. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Li Cheng, my best friend for more than a decade. Li and I came to the United States for graduate study together in 2000. During the past seven years, he has been a constant source of good advice, good conversation, and good times. I would like to thank my father, Mingjian Lu, and my mother, Hanfen Wu. Their intellectual guidance put me on this path at an early age; this is partly their achievement. Even though I have been living on the opposite side of the world for the past seven years, they have always found a special way to care for me. I constantly feel the warmth of my family through their sharing cooking tips with me over the phone, and preparing and mailing packages to me. I am grateful to my younger brother, Yinghua, for his unconditional encouragement and good advice. Since he moved to Atlanta in 2005 for his graduate study, we have spent many good times together, which is something I cherish a lot …

[1]  Y. Kim,et al.  Waveguide damage detection by the matching pursuit approach employing the dispersion-based chirp functions. , 2006, IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control.

[2]  Richard L. Weaver,et al.  On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field: pulse-echo using thermal phonons. , 2001, Ultrasonics.

[3]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Embedded non-destructive evaluation for structural health monitoring, damage detection, and failure prevention , 2005 .

[4]  Fraser,et al.  Independent coordinates for strange attractors from mutual information. , 1986, Physical review. A, General physics.

[5]  Martin Veidt,et al.  Analysis of acousto-ultrasonic characteristics for contact-type transducers coupled to composite laminated plates , 2001 .

[6]  Y. Angel.  Scattering of Love Waves by a Surface-Breaking Crack , 1986 .

[7]  Oh-Yang Kwon,et al.  Acousto-ultrasonic evaluation of adhesively bonded CFRP-aluminum joints , 1999 .

[8]  Weaver,et al.  Temperature dependence of diffuse field phase , 1999, Ultrasonics.

[9]  Christian Boller,et al.  Crack Detection in Metallic Structures Using Broadband Excitation of Acousto-Ultrasonics , 2001 .

[10]  Victor Giurgiutiu,et al.  Electro-Mechanical Impedance Method for Crack Detection in Thin Plates , 2001 .

[11]  J. Rose,et al.  A comb transducer model for guided wave NDE , 1998 .

[12]  Lingyu Yu,et al.  Signal processing techniques for damage detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors and embedded ultrasonic structural radar , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[13]  Qinye Yin,et al.  A fast refinement for adaptive Gaussian chirplet decomposition , 2002, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[14]  Won-Bae Na,et al.  Structural health monitoring and risk alarming in plate-girder bridges under uncertain temperature condition , 2005, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[15]  Craig A. Rogers,et al.  Coupled Electro-Mechanical Analysis of Adaptive Material Systems — Determination of the Actuator Power Consumption and System Energy Transfer , 1994 .

[16]  Gyuhae Park,et al.  Piezoelectric active sensing using chaotic excitations and state space reconstruction , 2005, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[17]  J. Saniie,et al.  A successive parameter estimation algorithm for chirplet signal decomposition , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[18]  J. Saniie,et al.  Model-based estimation of ultrasonic echoes. Part II: Nondestructive evaluation applications , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[19]  S. G. Joshi,et al.  Excitation of ultrasonic Lamb waves in piezolectric plates , 1991 .

[20]  Hiroshi Tsuda,et al.  Acousto-ultrasonic sensing using capsular fibre Bragg gratings for temperature compensation , 2006 .

[21]  Andreas J. Brunner,et al.  Integrated Active Fiber Composite Elements: Characterization for Acoustic Emission and Acousto-ultrasonics , 2007 .

[22]  D. Egle.  A stochastic model for transient acoustic emission signals , 1979 .

[23]  J.E. Michaels,et al.  Detection of structural damage from the local temporal coherence of diffuse ultrasonic signals , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[24]  Shie Qian,et al.  Signal representation using adaptive normalized Gaussian functions , 1994, Signal Process..

[25]  Dario Vangi,et al.  Methodology for minimizing effects of temperature in monitoring with the acousto-ultrasonic technique , 1999 .

[26]  Laurence J. Jacobs,et al.  CHARACTERIZATION OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS USING DIFFUSE ULTRASOUND , 2003 .

[27]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Coda wave interferometry and the equilibration of energy in elastic media. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[28]  Wei Zhao,et al.  Piezoelectric wafer active sensor embedded ultrasonics in beams and plates , 2003 .

[29]  Michael D. Todd,et al.  Nonlinear excitation and attractor mapping for detecting bolt preload loss in an aluminum frame , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[30]  Alex Vary.  Acousto-Ultrasonics: An Update , 1992 .

[31]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  Standing on the shoulders of giants: An example of guided wave inspection , 2002 .

[32]  Guido De Roeck,et al.  EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DYNAMIC SYSTEM PARAMETERS OF A HIGHWAY BRIDGE , 1997 .

[33]  Henry Schriemer,et al.  Energy Velocity of Diffusing Waves in Strongly Scattering Media , 1997 .

[34]  S. Mallat.  A wavelet tour of signal processing , 1998 .

[35]  Paul D. Wilcox,et al.  The temperature stability of guided wave structural health monitoring systems , 2006 .

[36]  Harold E. Kautz.  Acousto-ultrasonics to Assess Material and Structural Properties , 2002 .

[37]  F. Takens.  Detecting strange attractors in turbulence , 1981 .

[38]  J. Achenbach.  Wave propagation in elastic solids , 1962 .

[39]  Jin-Yeon Kim,et al.  Surface acoustic wave measurements of small fatigue cracks initiated from a surface cavity , 2002 .

[40]  S. Alampalli,et al.  Influence of in-service environment on modal parameters , 1998 .

[41]  K. Salama,et al.  The effect of stress on the temperature dependence of ultrasonic velocity , 1980 .

[42]  Jennifer E. Michaels,et al.  A comparison of feature-based classifiers for ultrasonic structural health monitoring , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[43]  D. Egle,et al.  A Note on Pseudo-Acoustic Emission Sources , 1976 .

[44]  M. Fink,et al.  Multiple scattering of sound , 2000 .

[45]  P. Cawley,et al.  The rapid monitoring of structures using interdigital Lamb wave transducers , 2000 .

[46]  Lenan Wu,et al.  Size of the dictionary in matching pursuit algorithm , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[47]  P.D. Wilcox,et al.  Omni-directional guided wave transducer arrays for the rapid inspection of large areas of plate structures , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[48]  Diffuse waves in finite plates , 1984 .

[49]  J. Michaels,et al.  A methodology for structural health monitoring with diffuse ultrasonic waves in the presence of temperature variations. , 2005, Ultrasonics.

[50]  R. Weaver,et al.  Coda-wave interferometry in finite solids: recovery of P-to-S conversion rates in an elastodynamic billiard. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[51]  Dale Ensminger,et al.  Ultrasonics : fundamentals, technology, applications , 1988 .

[52]  M. G. Silk.  The determination of crack penetration using ultrasonic surface waves , 1976 .

[53]  Andrew L. Gyekenyesi,et al.  Effect of experimental conditions on acousto-ultrasonic reproducibility , 2002, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[54]  B. Khuri-Yakub,et al.  Acoustic Surface Wave Measurements of Surface Cracks in Ceramics , 1980 .

[55]  Eric A. Lindgren,et al.  Ultrasonic detection of corrosion between riveted plates , 2000, Smart Structures.

[56]  Laurence J. Jacobs,et al.  Characterization of dissipation losses in cement paste with diffuse ultrasound , 2007 .

[57]  G. J. Thursby,et al.  Ultrasound detection of damage in complex carbon fibre/metal structures , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[58]  Yves H. Berthelot,et al.  Detection of small surface-breaking fatigue cracks in steel using scattering of Rayleigh waves , 2001 .

[59]  J. Rose.  Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media , 1999 .

[60]  S. Rokhlin,et al.  Surface acoustic wave modulation on a partially closed fatigue crack , 2004 .

[61]  Richard L. Weaver,et al.  Ultrasonics in an aluminum foam , 1998 .

[62]  Jafar Saniie,et al.  Model based time-frequency estimation of ultrasonic echoes for NDE applications , 2000, 2000 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37121).

[63]  V. Giurgiutiu.  Tuned Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring , 2005 .

[64]  Yoon Young Kim,et al.  The matching pursuit approach based on the modulated Gaussian pulse for efficient guided-wave damage inspection , 2005 .

[65]  J. Assaad,et al.  Signal processing for damage detection using two different array transducers. , 2004, Ultrasonics.

[66]  Jonathan M. Nichols,et al.  Use of fiber optic sensors and recurrence quantification analysis in detecting and localizing damage in a thin steel plate , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[67]  Cedric Nishan Canagarajah,et al.  Matching pursuits video coding: Dictionaries and fast implementation , 2000, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol..

[68]  D. Thompson,et al.  Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation , 1982 .

[69]  P. H. Smith.  Practical application of «creeping» waves , 1987 .

[70]  J. A. Stewart,et al.  Nonlinear Time Series Analysis , 2015 .

[71]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: A literature review , 1996 .

[72]  Non-destructive evaluation of formability in cold rolled steel sheets using the SH0-mode plate wave by electromagnetic acoustic transducer , 2001 .

[73]  Richard L. Weaver.  Laboratory studies of diffuse waves in plates , 1986 .

[74]  A. Vary,et al.  Acousto-ultrasonic characterization of fiber reinforced composites , 1981 .

[75]  James Llinas,et al.  Multisensor Data Fusion , 1990 .

[76]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Inspection Potential , 2002 .

[77]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  Remarks on symmetric Lamb waves with dominant longitudinal displacements , 1993 .

[78]  Pascal Vasseur,et al.  Introduction to Multisensor Data Fusion , 2005, The Industrial Information Technology Handbook.

[79]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  An ultrasonic guided wave technique for damage testing in a ship hull , 2003 .

[80]  Richard E. Martin,et al.  Acousto-ultrasonic characterization of C/SiC composites under different loading configurations , 2003, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[81]  I. A. Viktorov.  Rayleigh and Lamb Waves: Physical Theory and Applications , 1967 .

[82]  Lawrence Carin,et al.  Matching pursuits with a wave-based dictionary , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[83]  Wing Kong Chiu,et al.  Autonomous detection of crack initiation using surface-mounted piezotranducers , 2002 .

[84]  Gaëtan Kerschen,et al.  Structural damage diagnosis under varying environmental conditions—Part I: A linear analysis , 2005 .

[85]  J. Saniie,et al.  Model-based estimation of ultrasonic echoes. Part I: Analysis and algorithms , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[86]  Roel Snieder,et al.  Coda Wave Interferometry for Estimating Nonlinear Behavior in Seismic Velocity , 2002, Science.

[87]  Rémi Gribonval,et al.  Fast matching pursuit with a multiscale dictionary of Gaussian chirps , 2001, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[88]  A. Raghavan,et al.  Guided-wave signal processing using chirplet matching pursuits and mode correlation for structural health monitoring , 2007 .

[89]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Overview of Piezoelectric Impedance-Based Health Monitoring and Path Forward , 2003 .

[90]  Richard L. Weaver,et al.  On diffuse waves in solid media , 1982 .

[91]  Rémi Gribonval,et al.  Harmonic decomposition of audio signals with matching pursuit , 2003, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[92]  Shrinivas G. Joshi,et al.  Propagation of ultrasonic Lamb waves in piezoelectric plates , 1991 .

[93]  Wolfgang Sachse,et al.  Diffusion of ultrasound in a glass bead slurry , 1995 .

[94]  Francisco López-Ferreras,et al.  Matching pursuit-based approach for ultrasonic flaw detection , 2006, Signal Process..

[95]  Shi-Chang Wooh,et al.  Synthetic phase tuning of guided waves , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[96]  Rolf G. Rohrmann,et al.  Structural causes of temperature affected modal data of civil structures obtained by long time monitoring , 2000 .

[97]  Charles R. Farrar,et al.  STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AT LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY , 2000 .

[98]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  A comparison of embedded sensor Lamb wave ultrasonic tomography approaches for material loss detection , 2006 .

[99]  Lizheng Zhang,et al.  Detection of flip chip solder joint cracks using correlation coefficient analysis of laser ultrasound signals , 2004, 2004 Proceedings. 54th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37546).

[100]  Brian Culshaw,et al.  Structural damage identification using multifunctional Bragg grating sensors: II. Damage detection results and analysis , 2006 .

[101]  Weitz,et al.  Experimental test of the diffusion approximation for multiply scattered sound. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[102]  Gui Yun Tian,et al.  A FEATURE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE BASED ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR PULSED EDDY CURRENT NDT , 2003 .

[103]  Wieslaw J. Staszewski,et al.  Ultrasonic/Guided Waves for Structural Health Monitoring , 2005 .

[104]  Stéphane Mallat,et al.  Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries , 1993, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[105]  Junji Takatsubo,et al.  Ultrasonic Spectroscopy for the Identification of Defects and Environmental Disturbances , 2006 .

[106]  D. Egle,et al.  Diffuse wave fields in solid media , 1981 .

[107]  Xinlin Qing,et al.  SMART Layer and SMART Suitcase for structural health monitoring applications , 2001, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[108]  Michael D. Todd,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring Through Chaotic Interrogation , 2003 .

[109]  Joseph L. Rose,et al.  Guided wave testing optimization , 2002 .

[110]  J. Saniie,et al.  Ultrasonic data compression via parameter estimation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[111]  Hsu-Pin Wang,et al.  A case study on multisensor data fusion for imbalance diagnosis of rotating machinery , 2001, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing.

[112]  Jennifer E. Michaels,et al.  Ultrasonic Signal Decomposition via Matching Pursuit with an Adaptive and Interpolated Dictionary , 2007 .

[113]  Ultrasonic study for detection of inner diameter cracking in pipeline girth welds using creeping waves , 2003 .

[114]  D Horn,et al.  NDE reliability gains from combining eddy-current and ultrasonic testing , 2000 .

[115]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Multisensor Data Fusion , 1997, IEA/AIE.

[116]  Paul D. Wilcox,et al.  Strategies for overcoming the effect of temperature on guided wave structural health monitoring , 2007, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[117]  L. Carin,et al.  Target identification with wave-based matched pursuits and hidden Markov models , 1999 .

[118]  Lingyu Yu,et al.  Embedded Ultrasonic Structural Radar with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Damage Detection in Cylindrical Shell Structures , 2004 .

[119]  F. Chang,et al.  Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation for Structural Health Monitoring: Built-In Diagnostics for Hot-Spot Monitoring in Metallic and Composite Structures , 2003 .

[120]  Mark Walker,et al.  A comparison of signal consistency of common ultrasonic couplants used in the inspection of composite structures , 2002 .

[121]  P. Cawley,et al.  Omnidirectional guided wave inspection of large metallic plate structures using an EMAT array , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[122]  Drew V. Nelson,et al.  Long Wavelength Rayleigh Wave Scattering from Microscopic Surface Fatigue Cracks , 1982 .

[123]  E. A. Avellone,et al.  Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers , 1916 .

[124]  Shiv P. Joshi.  Feasibility study on phased array of interdigital mesoscale transducers for health monitoring of smart structures , 1995, Smart Structures.