Synthesis of dendritic silver nanostructures supported by graphene nanosheets and its application for highly sensitive detection of diazepam

In this paper, preparation, characterization and application of a new sensor for fast and simple determination of trace amount of diazepam were described. This sensor is based on Ag nanodendrimers (AgNDs) supported by graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode (GNs/GCE). The AgNDs were directly electrodeposited on the surface of electrode via potentiostatic method without using any templates, surfactants, or stabilizers. The structure of the synthesized AgNDs/GNs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The nanodendrimers with tree-like and hierarchical structures have a fascinating structure for fabrication of effective electrocatalysts. The experimental results confirmed that AgNDs/GNs/GC electrode has good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of diazepam. A low detection limit of 8.56 × 10− 8 M and a wide linear detection range of 1.0 × 10− 7 to 1.0 × 10− 6 M and 1.0 × 10− 6 to 20 × 10− 6 M were achieved via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed electrode displayed excellent repeatability and long-term stability and it was satisfactorily used for determination of diazepam in real samples (commercially tablet, injection and human blood plasma) with high recovery.

[1]  A. Hubin,et al.  Electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles onto carbon coated TEM grids , 2010 .

[2]  Jianrong Chen,et al.  Facile and controlled electrochemical route to three-dimensional hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructures , 2013 .

[3]  Alessandra Bonanni,et al.  Graphene for electrochemical sensing and biosensing , 2010 .

[4]  L. M. Cubillana-Aguilera,et al.  Modified carbon-paste electrodes as sensors for the determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines: Application to the determination of diazepam and oxazepam in biological fluids , 2006 .

[5]  J. Yin,et al.  Electrocatalytic properties of carbon fiber cloth-supported flower-like Au nanostructures towards ethanol electrooxidation , 2013 .

[6]  Sarah L. Sewell,et al.  Materials Science and Engineering C , 2009 .

[7]  V. L. Silva,et al.  Cyclodextrin-based potentiometric sensors for midazolam and diazepam. , 2008, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[8]  C. Low,et al.  Electrodeposition of composite coatings containing nanoparticles in a metal deposit , 2006 .

[9]  Yu Lei,et al.  A highly efficient organophosphorus pesticides sensor based on CuO nanowires–SWCNTs hybrid nanocomposite , 2014 .

[10]  Di Zhang,et al.  Direct electrodeposion of reduced graphene oxide and dendritic copper nanoclusters on glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of nitrite , 2013 .

[11]  I. Naranjo-Rodríguez,et al.  Use of a Sonogel-Carbon electrode modified with bentonite for the determination of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride in tablets and their metabolite oxazepam in urine. , 2012, Talanta.

[12]  M. Meneghetti,et al.  A very low potential electrochemical detection of L-cysteine based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanorods. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[13]  Hao Ming Chen,et al.  Architecture of Metallic Nanostructures: Synthesis Strategy and Specific Applications , 2011 .

[14]  Joseph Wang.  Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. , 2005, The Analyst.

[15]  J. Koenderink.  Q… , 2014, Les noms officiels des communes de Wallonie, de Bruxelles-Capitale et de la communaute germanophone.

[16]  John B. Shoven,et al.  I , Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

[17]  Domenica Tonelli,et al.  Carbon electrodes unmodified and decorated with silver nanoparticles for the determination of nitrite, nitrate and iodate , 2013 .

[18]  M. Hosseini,et al.  Electro-oxidation of hydrazine on gold nanoparticles supported on TiO2 nanotube matrix as a new high active electrode , 2011 .

[19]  Martin Pumera,et al.  Nanomaterials as electrochemical detectors in microfluidics and CE: Fundamentals, designs, and applications , 2009, Electrophoresis.

[20]  Chunming Wang,et al.  Preparation of flower-like Cu2O nanoparticles by pulse electrodeposition and their electrocatalytic application , 2010 .

[21]  G. Ertl,et al.  A comparative study of hydroxide adsorption on the (111), (110), and (100) faces of silver with cyclic voltammetry, ex situ electron diffraction, and in situ second harmonic generation. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[22]  Yang Soo Lee,et al.  One-pot synthesis of magnetite nanorods/graphene composites and its catalytic activity toward electrochemical detection of dopamine. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  Eric R. Ziegel,et al.  Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry , 2004, Technometrics.

[24]  G. Stafford,et al.  Cyclic voltammetry on Ag(111) and Ag(100) faces in sodium hydroxide solutions , 1999 .

[25]  G. Staikov,et al.  Principles of electrochemical nanotechnology and their application for materials and systems , 2005 .

[26]  J. Hart,et al.  The redox behaviour of diazepam (Valium®) using a disposable screen-printed sensor and its determination in drinks using a novel adsorptive stripping voltammetric assay. , 2013, Talanta.

[27]  Zhiyong Huang,et al.  Ultrafine palladium nanoparticles grown on graphene nanosheets for enhanced electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide , 2013 .

[28]  Thomas Hirsch,et al.  Graphenes in chemical sensors and biosensors , 2012 .

[29]  E. Wang,et al.  Noble metal nanomaterials: Controllable synthesis and application in fuel cells and analytical sensors , 2011 .

[30]  Alain Nouailhat,et al.  An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , 2008 .

[31]  J. Raoof,et al.  Photoinduced deposition of palladium nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotube electrode and investigation of its capability for formaldehyde oxidation , 2014 .

[32]  Huan Pang,et al.  Graphene oxide/nickel oxide modified glassy carbon electrode for supercapacitor and nonenzymatic glucose sensor , 2013 .

[33]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[34]  Qiang Wang,et al.  Catalyst of Pt nanoparticles loaded on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high activity prepared by electrodeposition without supporting electrolyte , 2013 .

[35]  G. Chang,et al.  Direct Electrodeposition of Gold Nanostructures onto Glassy Carbon Electrodes for Non-enzymatic Detection of Glucose , 2014 .

[36]  Huaqing Xie,et al.  A sensitive hydrazine electrochemical sensor based on electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles on choline film modified glassy carbon electrode , 2011 .

[37]  Ai-Jun Wang,et al.  Shaped-controlled electrosynthesis of gold nanodendrites for highly selective and sensitive SERS detection of formaldehyde , 2014 .

[38]  M. Sawangphruk,et al.  Silver nanodendrite modified graphene rotating disk electrode for nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide detection , 2014 .

[39]  Yanpeng Xue,et al.  Electrodeposition of self organized superstructure of copper dendrites or polyhedral particles on gold nanoparticle modified highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrode , 2013 .

[40]  Zafar Hussain Ibupoto,et al.  Selective potentiometric determination of uric acid with uricase immobilized on ZnO nanowires , 2011 .

[41]  J. Hart,et al.  Electrochemical detection of benzodiazepines, following liquid chromatography, for applications in pharmaceutical, biomedical and forensic investigations , 2014 .

[42]  Xia Qin,et al.  Synthesis of dendritic silver nanostructures and their application in hydrogen peroxide electroreduction , 2011 .

[43]  Zelin Li,et al.  Electrochemical fabrication of clean dendritic Au supported Pt clusters for electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid , 2012 .

[44]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[45]  Tian Gan,et al.  Electrochemical sensors based on graphene materials , 2011 .

[46]  K. Tyszczuk.  Determination of Diazepam, Temazepam and Oxazepam at the Lead Film Electrode by Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry , 2010 .

[47]  Wei Guo,et al.  Polarographic determination of diazepam with its parallel catalytic wave in the presence of persulfate. , 2004, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.