Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor of Platinum Nanospheres Connected by Carbon Nanotubes

Background: Glucose biosensors comprised of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metallic nanoparticles offer enhanced electrochemical performance that produces highly sensitive glucose sensing. This article presents a facile biosensor fabrication and biofunctionalization procedure that utilizes CNTs electrochemically decorated with platinum (Pt) nanospheres to sense glucose amperometrically with high sensitivity. Method: Carbon nanotubes are grown in situ by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) and electrochemically decorated with Pt nanospheres to form a CNT/Pt nanosphere composite biosensor. Carbon nanotube electrodes are immobilized with fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) and analyzed with fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate their biocompatibility. The enzyme glucose oxidase (GOX) is immobilized onto the CNT/Pt nanosphere biosensor by a simple drop-coat method for amperometric glucose sensing. Results: Fluorescence microscopy demonstrates the biofunctionalization capability of the sensor by portraying adsorption of fluorescently labeled BSA unto MPCVD-grown CNT electrodes. The subsequent GOX-CNT/Pt nanosphere biosensor demonstrates a high sensitivity toward H2O2 (7.4 μA/mM/cm2) and glucose (70 μA/mM/cm2), with a glucose detection limit and response time of 380 nM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) and 8 s (t90%), respectively. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (0.64 mM) of the biosensor also reflects the improved sensitivity of the immobilized GOX/nanomaterial complexes. Conclusions: The GOX-CNT/Pt nanosphere biosensor outperforms similar CNT, metallic nanoparticle, and more conventional carbon-based biosensors in terms of glucose sensitivity and detection limit. The biosensor fabrication and biofunctionalization scheme can easily be scaled and adapted for microsensors for physiological research applications that require highly sensitive glucose sensing.

[1]  Joseph Wang.  Carbon‐Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review , 2005 .

[2]  Joseph Wang.  Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. , 2005, The Analyst.

[3]  D. M. Porterfield,et al.  Electrochemical biosensor of nanocube-augmented carbon nanotube networks. , 2009, ACS nano.

[4]  Z. Wen,et al.  Pt Nanoparticles Inserting in Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Nanocomposites for Glucose Biosensors , 2009 .

[5]  Minghui Yang,et al.  Electrochemical biosensing utilizing synergic action of carbon nanotubes and platinum nanowires prepared by template synthesis. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[6]  D Marshall Porterfield,et al.  Measuring metabolism and biophysical flux in the tissue, cellular and sub-cellular domains: recent developments in self-referencing amperometry for physiological sensing. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[7]  C. Brett,et al.  Development of electrochemical oxidase biosensors based on carbon nanotube-modified carbon film electrodes for glucose and ethanol , 2008 .

[8]  V. Varadan,et al.  Platinum decorated carbon nanotubes for highly sensitive amperometric glucose sensing , 2007 .

[9]  A. Hirsch.  Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[10]  Changqing Sun,et al.  Glucose oxidase/colloidal gold nanoparticles immobilized in Nafion film on glassy carbon electrode: Direct electron transfer and electrocatalysis. , 2006, Bioelectrochemistry.

[11]  D. Pipeleers,et al.  Glucose sensing in pancreatic beta-cells: a model for the study of other glucose-regulated cells in gut, pancreas, and hypothalamus. , 2001, Diabetes.

[12]  R. Compton,et al.  The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[13]  D. Arrigan.  Nanoelectrodes, nanoelectrode arrays and their applications. , 2004, The Analyst.

[14]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Electroanalytical and Bioelectroanalytical Systems Based on Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles , 2004 .

[15]  B. Bistrian,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  F. Matschinsky,et al.  Pancreatic islet glucose metabolism and regulation of insulin secretion. , 1986, Diabetes/metabolism reviews.

[17]  N. Chaniotakis,et al.  Polyelectrolyte stabilized oxidase based biosensors: effect of diethylaminoethyl-dextran on the stabilization of glucose and lactate oxidases into porous conductive carbon , 2000 .

[18]  Ray H. Baughman,et al.  Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes , 2002 .

[19]  B. Kahn.  Facilitative glucose transporters: regulatory mechanisms and dysregulation in diabetes. , 1992, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[20]  S. Dong,et al.  The direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensor based on carbon nanotubes/chitosan matrix. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[22]  V MASSEY,et al.  PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE GLUCOSE OXIDASE FROM ASPERGILLUS NIGER. , 1965, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[23]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Rotating ring-disk enzyme electrode for biocatalysis kinetic studies and characterization of the immobilized enzyme layer , 1980 .

[24]  C. Banks,et al.  New electrodes for old: from carbon nanotubes to edge plane pyrolytic graphite. , 2006, The Analyst.

[25]  Juan Li,et al.  Renewable silica sol-gel derived carbon composite based glucose biosensor , 1999 .

[26]  Michael D. Horne,et al.  RANDOM ASSEMBLIES OF MICROELECTRODES (RAM ELECTRODES) FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES , 1999 .

[27]  J. Luong,et al.  Electrochemical biosensing platforms using platinum nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  R. Unger,et al.  Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells. , 1991, Science.

[29]  J. Trimarchi,et al.  Development and application of a self-referencing glucose microsensor for the measurement of glucose consumption by pancreatic beta-cells. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  S. Dong,et al.  Amperometric glucose biosensor based on sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid material. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Ensembles , 2004 .

[32]  Qingyun Cai,et al.  An amperometric glucose biosensor fabricated with Pt nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanotube arrays composite , 2009 .

[33]  T. Fisher,et al.  Parametric study of synthesis conditions in plasma-enhanced CVD of high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2006 .

[34]  S. Nasraway,et al.  Pilot Studies of Transdermal Continuous Glucose Measurement in Outpatient Diabetic Patients and in Patients during and after Cardiac Surgery , 2008, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[35]  T. Fisher,et al.  Independently addressable fields of porous anodic alumina embedded in SiO2 on Si , 2008 .

[36]  Dusan Losic,et al.  Protein electrochemistry using aligned carbon nanotube arrays. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  S. Lim,et al.  A glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of palladium nanoparticles and glucose oxidase onto Nafion-solubilized carbon nanotube electrode. , 2005, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[38]  G. Rivas,et al.  Glucose Biosensor Prepared by the Deposition of Iridium and Glucose Oxidase on Glassy Carbon Transducer , 1999 .

[39]  J. Weinberger,et al.  Diabetes and stroke: Part one—Risk factors and pathophysiology , 2006, Current cardiology reports.

[40]  Richard G. Compton,et al.  Design, fabrication, characterisation and application of nanoelectrode arrays , 2008 .

[41]  S. Sampath,et al.  Inert metal-modified, composite ceramic-carbon, amperometric biosensors:  renewable, controlled reactive layer. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.