Misdiagnosis and failure to diagnose in emergency care: Causes and empathy as a solution.

[1]  M. Young,et al.  A Scoping Review of Physicians' Clinical Reasoning in Emergency Departments. , 2020, Annals of emergency medicine.

[2]  T. Stephens.  Cognitive Debiasing: , 2019 .

[3]  P. Vuilleumier,et al.  Pain management decisions in emergency hospitals are predicted by brain activity during empathy and error monitoring. , 2019, British journal of anaesthesia.

[4]  J. Kline,et al.  Association Between Empathy and Burnout Among Emergency Medicine Physicians , 2019, Journal of clinical medicine research.

[5]  Coming in Warm: Qualitative Study and Concept Map to Cultivate Patient‐centered Empathy in Emergency Care , 2019, AEM education and training.

[6]  R. Schwartzstein,et al.  Teaching Critical Thinking: A Case for Instruction in Cognitive Biases to Reduce Diagnostic Errors and Improve Patient Safety , 2019, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[7]  J. Kline,et al.  Association between emergency physician self-reported empathy and patient satisfaction , 2018, PloS one.

[8]  N. Shapiro,et al.  Comparison of Emergency Medicine Malpractice Cases Involving Residents to Nonresident Cases , 2018, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[9]  Huanying Qin,et al.  The effect of vertical split‐flow patient management on emergency department throughput and efficiency , 2018, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[10]  NHAMCS Validation of Emergency Severity Index as an Indicator of Emergency Department Resource Utilization , 1996, The western journal of emergency medicine.

[11]  E. Krupat,et al.  Avoiding premature closure and reaching diagnostic accuracy: some key predictive factors , 2017, Medical education.

[12]  P. Croskerry.  More on the Causes of Errors in Clinical Reasoning. , 2017, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[13]  B. Charlin,et al.  A Novel Approach to Study Medical Decision Making in the Clinical Setting: The “Own‐point‐of‐view” Perspective , 2017, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[14]  H. Riess.  The Science of Empathy , 2017, Journal of patient experience.

[15]  Impact of Patient Affect on Physician Estimate of Probability of Serious Illness and Test Ordering , 2017, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[16]  Jacques Tardif,et al.  Comment les médecins urgentistes raisonnent-ils ? Synthèse des principaux résultats d’une recherche qualitative multicentrique et multidisciplinaire sur la prise de décision en médecine d’urgence , 2017 .

[17]  Michelle Daniel,et al.  Cognitive Debiasing Strategies for the Emergency Department , 2017, AEM education and training.

[18]  Jonathan Sherbino,et al.  The Causes of Errors in Clinical Reasoning: Cognitive Biases, Knowledge Deficits, and Dual Process Thinking , 2017, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[19]  J. Kline,et al.  Role of physician perception of patient smile on pretest probability assessment for acute pulmonary embolism , 2016, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[20]  M. Makary,et al.  Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US , 2016, British Medical Journal.

[21]  E. Reibling,et al.  Does emergency physician empathy reduce thoughts of litigation? A randomised trial , 2016, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[22]  Gary O'Reilly,et al.  Dual-process cognitive interventions to enhance diagnostic reasoning: a systematic review , 2016, BMJ Quality & Safety.

[23]  Valerie F. Reyna,et al.  Educating Intuition , 2015, Current directions in psychological science.

[24]  B. Charlin,et al.  Insights into emergency physicians’ minds in the seconds before and into a patient encounter , 2015, Internal and Emergency Medicine.

[25]  J. Sherbino,et al.  Reflecting on Diagnostic Errors: Taking a Second Look is Not Enough , 2015, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[26]  P. Croskerry.  When I say… cognitive debiasing , 2015, Medical education.

[27]  B. Charlin,et al.  How and when do expert emergency physicians generate and evaluate diagnostic hypotheses? A qualitative study using head-mounted video cued-recall interviews. , 2014, Annals of emergency medicine.

[28]  Chris Feudtner,et al.  Interventions to cultivate physician empathy: a systematic review , 2014, BMC medical education.

[29]  Gordon T. Kraft-Todd,et al.  E.M.P.A.T.H.Y.: A Tool to Enhance Nonverbal Communication Between Clinicians and Their Patients , 2014, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[30]  Pat Croskerry,et al.  Deciding about fast and slow decisions. , 2014, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[31]  Jonathan Sherbino,et al.  The Etiology of Diagnostic Errors: A Controlled Trial of System 1 Versus System 2 Reasoning , 2014, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[32]  Martin Underwood,et al.  Cognitive and affective reassurance and patient outcomes in primary care: A systematic review , 2013, PAIN®.

[33]  Pat Croskerry,et al.  Cognitive debiasing 2: impediments to and strategies for change , 2013, BMJ quality & safety.

[34]  J. Bensing,et al.  Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: a systematic review. , 2013, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[35]  Professional Competence and Intuitive Decision Making: A Simulation Study in the Domain of Emergency Medicine , 2012 .

[36]  S. Durning,et al.  Context and clinical reasoning: understanding the perspective of the expert’s voice , 2011, Medical education.

[37]  Bernard Charlin,et al.  An analysis of clinical reasoning through a recent and comprehensive approach: the dual-process theory , 2011, Medical education online.

[38]  Jacques Tardif,et al.  Comment les médecins raisonnent-ils pour poser des diagnostics et prendre des décisions thérapeutiques ? Les enjeux en médecine d’urgence , 2011 .

[39]  Pat Croskerry,et al.  Context is everything or how could I have been that stupid? , 2009, Healthcare quarterly.

[40]  Pat Croskerry,et al.  A universal model of diagnostic reasoning. , 2009, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[41]  P. Van Royen,et al.  The diagnostic role of gut feelings in general practice A focus group study of the concept and its determinants , 2009, BMC family practice.

[42]  Pat Croskerry,et al.  Patient safety in emergency medicine , 2009 .

[43]  Geoff Norman,et al.  Overconfidence in clinical decision making. , 2008, The American journal of medicine.

[44]  E. Berner,et al.  Overconfidence as a cause of diagnostic error in medicine. , 2008, The American journal of medicine.

[45]  Bernard Charlin,et al.  Scripts and clinical reasoning , 2007, Medical education.

[46]  Vimla L. Patel,et al.  The multitasking clinician: Decision-making and cognitive demand during and after team handoffs in emergency care , 2007, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[47]  Cleveland G. Shields,et al.  “Could this Be Something Serious?” , 2007, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[48]  Catherine Yoon,et al.  Missed and delayed diagnoses in the emergency department: a study of closed malpractice claims from 4 liability insurers. , 2007, Annals of emergency medicine.

[49]  Ronald M Epstein,et al.  "Could this be something serious?" Reassurance, uncertainty, and empathy in response to patients' expressions of worry. , 2007, Journal of general internal medicine.

[50]  Kevin W Eva,et al.  Heuristics and biases − a biased perspective on clinical reasoning , 2005, Medical education.

[51]  N. Franklin,et al.  Diagnostic error in internal medicine. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[52]  J. Klein,et al.  Five pitfalls in decisions about diagnosis and prescribing , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[53]  P H Harasym,et al.  Diagnostic reasoning strategies and diagnostic success , 2003, Medical education.

[54]  T. Wilson.  Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious , 2002 .

[55]  G. Kuhn.  Diagnostic errors. , 2002, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[56]  Geoffrey R. Norman,et al.  The Benefit of Diagnostic Hypotheses in Clinical Reasoning: Experimental Study of an Instructional Intervention for Forward and Backward Reasoning , 1999 .

[57]  L. Brooks,et al.  Influence of a Single Example on Subsequent Electrocardiogram Interpretation , 1999 .

[58]  P. Todd,et al.  Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart , 1999 .

[59]  A. Kruglanski,et al.  Motivated closing of the mind: "seizing" and "freezing". , 1996, Psychological review.

[60]  T. Brennan,et al.  The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[61]  T. Brennan,et al.  INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EVENTS AND NEGLIGENCE IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS , 2008 .

[62]  T. Brennan,et al.  Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  L. Sawley.  I say , 1984, Nursing times.

[64]  L. Shulman,et al.  Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning , 1978 .

[65]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[66]  THINKING , 1958 .