CHI Against Bullying: Taking Stock of the Past and Envisioning the Future

Bullying is a challenge concerning us all, and particularly our children. This has already been acknowledged by CHI, among others. Despite the interest, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the state of the art – a critical review is needed, addressing bullying in the lives of children, in the context of and/or by the means of design and technology, covering CHI as well as related computing fields, being inspired by the strong body of knowledge within human sciences. We report on a comprehensive literature review on the topic, with the aim to understand what and how has been done so far to handle this troublesome and widespread phenomenon as well as to indicate how to move the field forward. We report how the topic has been examined and with what kind of means tackled, revealing interesting underlying assumptions about design, technology and human agency.

[1]  M. Imai,et al.  Simulation of Bullying and Conforming in a Class Based on Socion Theory , 2016 .

[2]  Ingrid Lund,et al.  Children’s Voices on Bullying in Kindergarten , 2017 .

[3]  Maria Beatriz Carmo,et al.  A serious game-based solution to prevent bullying , 2015, MoMM.

[4]  N. N. Chan,et al.  A hermeneutic phenomenological study of students' and school counsellors' "lived experiences" of cyberbullying and bullying , 2020, Comput. Educ..

[5]  S. Hartati,et al.  Bullying Behavior in Early Childhood: Study at Early Childhood Education Institution in East Jakarta in Indonesia , 2020 .

[6]  M. Shiakou,et al.  Assessing the role of drama on children’s understanding of bullying , 2018, International Journal of School & Educational Psychology.

[7]  P. Slee,et al.  Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation , 2012 .

[8]  Dennis S. W. Wong,et al.  Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying in Chinese societies: Prevalence and a review of the whole-school intervention approach , 2015 .

[9]  Kelly Reynolds,et al.  Detecting cyberbullying: query terms and techniques , 2013, WebSci.

[10]  Svjetlana Kolic Vehovec,et al.  Evaluation of serious game for changing students' behaviour in bullying situation , 2019, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[11]  Lynne Edwards,et al.  Detecting Cyberbullying Activity Across Platforms , 2020 .

[12]  Karolien Poels,et al.  Secondary school educators' perceptions and practices in handling cyberbullying among adolescents: A cluster analysis , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[13]  Tibor Bosse,et al.  A Normative Agent System to Prevent Cyberbullying , 2011, 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology.

[14]  J. Mohyla,et al.  The P.E.A.C.E. Pack & S.I.T.E. software: Interventions to reduce bullying in Australian schools , 2012, 2012 7th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE).

[15]  Emily Levine,et al.  Bullying Among Young Children: Strategies for Prevention , 2014 .

[16]  Loris Nanni,et al.  Design of a Bullying Detection/Alert System for School-Wide Intervention , 2015, HCI.

[17]  Vero Vanden Abeele,et al.  Collaborative Design Thinking (CoDeT): A co-design approach for high child-to-adult ratios , 2019, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[18]  Roger Fontaine,et al.  Does cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account? , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[19]  Elisa Rubegni,et al.  Comic-based Digital Storytelling with Primary School Children , 2019, IDC.

[20]  Ruth Aylett,et al.  FearNot's Appearance: Reflecting Children's Expectations and Perspectives , 2006, IVA.

[21]  Eyal Amir,et al.  Emotions in Social Computer Games: Relations with Bullying, Aggression, and School Belonging , 2014, Int. J. Gaming Comput. Mediat. Simulations.

[22]  M. Şahin,et al.  The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents , 2012 .

[23]  Katia Lida Kermanidis,et al.  Virtual learning communities (VLCs) rethinking: influence on behavior modification—bullying detection through machine learning and natural language processing , 2020 .

[24]  Juliana Raskauskas,et al.  Small-Scale Bullying Prevention Discussion Video for Classrooms: A Preliminary Evaluation. , 2013 .

[25]  Liang Ye,et al.  A Physical and Verbal Bullying Detecting Algorithm Based on K-NN for School Bullying Prevention , 2019 .

[26]  E. Bru,et al.  Is the sustainability of reduction in bullying related to follow‐up procedures? , 2008 .

[27]  Cindy L. Bethel,et al.  A Robot Forensic Interviewer: The BAD, the GOOD, and the Undiscovered , 2017, HRI.

[28]  Ana Paiva,et al.  e-Motional Learning in Primary Schools: FearNot! An Anti-Bullying Intervention Based on Virtual Role-Play with Intelligent Synthetic Characters. , 2008 .

[29]  Liang Ye,et al.  VITEC: A Violence Detection Framework , 2019, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

[30]  Adam S. Froerer,et al.  Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Summary of Process Research. , 2017, Journal of marital and family therapy.

[31]  Karin Slegers,et al.  Multimodal Analysis in Participatory Design with Children: A Primary School Case Study , 2015, CHI.

[32]  Zahra Ashktorab,et al.  Designing Cyberbullying Mitigation and Prevention Solutions through Participatory Design With Teenagers , 2016, CHI.

[33]  Eva Eriksson,et al.  Using Gameplay Design Patterns with Children in the Redesign of a Collaborative Co-located Game , 2019, IDC.

[34]  K. Dautenhahn,et al.  Inter-cultural differences in response to a computer-based anti-bullying intervention , 2010 .

[35]  Eleanor Mattern,et al.  From cyberbullying to well‐being: A narrative‐based participatory approach to values‐oriented design for social media , 2015, J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol..

[36]  A. Farrell,et al.  Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct. , 2014 .

[37]  Maja J. Mataric,et al.  Comparing models for gesture recognition of children's bullying behaviors , 2017, 2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII).

[38]  C. Salmivalli,et al.  Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying programme on bully-victims, bullies and victims , 2015 .

[39]  Linda Beckman,et al.  Discrepant gender patterns for cyberbullying and traditional bullying - An analysis of Swedish adolescent data , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[40]  D. Cross,et al.  Telling an Adult at School about Bullying: Subsequent Victimization and Internalizing Problems , 2019, Journal of Child and Family Studies.

[41]  Evan Golub,et al.  Stranger Danger!: Social Media App Features Co-designed with Children to Keep Them Safe Online , 2019, IDC.

[42]  S. Bradley,et al.  Bullying in Schools: An Evaluation of the Use of Drama in Bullying Prevention , 2019, Journal of Creativity in Mental Health.

[43]  Li-Ming Chen Self-Reported Frequency and Perceived Severity of Being Bullied Among Elementary School Students. , 2015, The Journal of school health.

[44]  Constantinos M. Kokkinos,et al.  Cyber-Bullying, Personality and Coping among Pre-Adolescents , 2013, Int. J. Cyber Behav. Psychol. Learn..

[45]  P. Slee,et al.  The PEACE Pack: an evaluation of interventions to reduce bullying in four Australian primary schools , 2007 .

[46]  Allison Druin,et al.  Co-designing Mobile Online Safety Applications with Children , 2018, CHI.

[47]  Tapio Seppänen,et al.  School Violence Detection Based on Multi-sensor Fusion and Improved Relief-F Algorithms , 2019 .

[48]  Jennifer D. Shapka,et al.  The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization , 2012, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[49]  Yasin N. Silva,et al.  BullyBlocker: An app to identify cyberbullying in facebook , 2016, 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).

[50]  Raquel Lozano-Blasco,et al.  Being a cybervictim and a cyberbully - The duality of cyberbullying: A meta-analysis , 2020, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[51]  D. Olweus Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? , 2012 .

[52]  C. Jonker,et al.  Simulating Peer Support for Victims of Cyberbullying , 2010 .

[53]  Simone Kriglstein,et al.  Be a Buddy not a Bully - Two Educational Games to Help Prevent Bullying in Schools , 2020, CHI PLAY.

[54]  Yanhui Wang,et al.  Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors , 2020, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[55]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Common Sense Reasoning for Detection, Prevention, and Mitigation of Cyberbullying , 2012, TIIS.

[56]  Yulin Hswen,et al.  Feasibility of an Online and Mobile Videogame Curriculum for Teaching Children Safe and Healthy Cellphone and Internet Behaviors. , 2014, Games for health journal.

[57]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Script-based story matching for cyberbullying prevention , 2013, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[58]  A. Baroncelli,et al.  Emotional Arousal and Regulation: Further Evidence of the Validity of the "How I Feel" Questionnaire for Use With School-Age Children. , 2016, The Journal of school health.

[59]  Cindy L. Bethel,et al.  Moving toward an intelligent interactive social engagement framework for information gathering , 2017, 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI).

[60]  Xiaoyang Yu,et al.  Emotion recognition and school violence detection from children speech , 2018, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[61]  Nargess Tahmasbi,et al.  A Socio-Contextual Approach in Automated Detection of Public Cyberbullying on Twitter , 2018, ACM Trans. Soc. Comput..

[62]  M. Angélica Pinninghoff Junemann,et al.  Group Formation for Minimizing Bullying Probability. A Proposal Based on Genetic Algorithms , 2011, IWINAC.

[63]  Maarten Van Mechelen,et al.  Storytelling shapes: a toolkit to enable children to express their needs and wishes , 2018, IDC.

[64]  M. Barry,et al.  A Systematic Review of Online Youth Mental Health Promotion and Prevention Interventions , 2014, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

[65]  Steven Brown,et al.  Quest for the Golden Rule: An effective social skills promotion and bullying prevention program , 2011, Comput. Educ..

[66]  Melissa E. DeRosier,et al.  Toward effective game-based social skills tutoring for children: an evaluation of a social adventure game , 2010, FDG.

[67]  Antonio Calvo-Morata,et al.  Applicability of a Cyberbullying Videogame as a Teacher Tool: Comparing Teachers and Educational Sciences Students , 2019, IEEE Access.

[68]  Han-Foon Neo,et al.  Mobile Edutainment Learning Approach: #StopBully , 2018, ICDTE 2018.

[69]  V. Ebbeck,et al.  A Qualitative Exploration of an Experiential Education Bully Prevention Curriculum , 2013 .

[70]  Adam S. Froerer,et al.  Is Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Evidence-Based? An Update 10 Years Later , 2019, Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services.

[71]  Anne Williford,et al.  Validation of a Cyber Bullying and Victimization Measure Among Elementary School-Aged Children , 2018, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal.

[72]  Renata C Ferreira,et al.  Comparison of Features of a Mobile Application to Report School Violence Through Benchmarking. , 2020, The Journal of school health.

[73]  E. Shimizu,et al.  Educational Effectiveness of a Video Lesson for Bullying Prevention. , 2018 .

[74]  S. Hymel,et al.  Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying , 2013, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

[75]  Pablo César,et al.  3rd International Workshop on Socially-Aware Multimedia (SAM'14) , 2014, ACM Multimedia.

[76]  David J. Prottas,et al.  Construct validation of a Theory X/Y behavior scale , 2010 .

[77]  O. Saracho Bullying Prevention Strategies in Early Childhood Education , 2017 .

[78]  Elisa Poskiparta,et al.  A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa antibullying program: grades 4-6. , 2011, Child development.

[79]  Gavin Sim,et al.  Applying the CHECk tool to participatory design sessions with children , 2014, IDC.

[80]  Iván Martínez-Ortiz,et al.  Validation of a Cyberbullying Serious Game Using Game Analytics , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.

[81]  Trinidad García,et al.  Predictors of school bullying perpetration in adolescence: A systematic review , 2015 .

[82]  Ana Paiva,et al.  FearNot! - An Experiment in Emergent Narrative , 2005, IVA.

[83]  Yvonne Asher,et al.  Comparing electronic and traditional bullying in embarrassment and exclusion scenarios , 2017, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[84]  Robin M. Kowalski,et al.  Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. , 2014, Psychological bulletin.

[85]  Chien Chou,et al.  An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[86]  Eyal Amir,et al.  Adaptive game for reducing aggressive behavior , 2013, IUI '13 Companion.

[87]  Insoo Oh,et al.  Factors influencing bystanders' behavioral reactions in cyberbullying situations , 2018, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[88]  F. Carugati European Journal of Psychology of Education , 2005 .

[89]  Kerstin Dautenhahn,et al.  Using storyboards to guide virtual world design , 2004, IDC '04.

[90]  Carolina Beniamina Rutta,et al.  Collaborative comic-based digital storytelling with primary school children , 2020, IDC.

[91]  Vítor Alexandre Coelho,et al.  The relation between social anxiety, social withdrawal and (cyber)bullying roles: A multilevel analysis , 2018, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[92]  Elizabeth Sillence,et al.  Using animated scenarios to explore severity of cyberbullying and reporting readiness , 2014, OZCHI.

[93]  Qianjia Huang,et al.  Cyber Bullying Detection Using Social and Textual Analysis , 2014, SAM '14.

[94]  C. Bradshaw,et al.  The Social Context of Bullying and Peer Victimization: An Introduction to the Special Issue , 2011 .

[95]  D. Olweus School bullying: development and some important challenges. , 2013, Annual review of clinical psychology.

[96]  José A. Casas,et al.  Bullying and cyberbullying: Convergent and divergent predictor variables , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[97]  C. Franklin An update on strengths-based, solution-focused brief therapy. , 2015, Health & social work.

[98]  Michael Cormier,et al.  Using computer technology to address the problem of cyberbullying , 2014, CSOC.

[99]  Shian-Shyong Tseng,et al.  A Pilot Study of Interactive Storytelling for Bullying Prevention Education , 2011, Edutainment.

[100]  Franca Garzotto,et al.  Touchless Motion-Based Interaction for Therapy of Autistic Children , 2014 .

[101]  Stacy Horner,et al.  The impact and response to electronic bullying and traditional bullying among adolescents , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[102]  Andreas Lanitis,et al.  A 3D virtual environment for training teachers to identify bullying , 2016, 2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON).

[103]  Pamela Hussey,et al.  Technology-enabled bullying and adolescent resistance to report: The need to examine causal factors , 2014, Interact. Technol. Smart Educ..

[104]  Charles M. Carson,et al.  A historical view of Douglas McGregor's Theory Y , 2005 .

[105]  Sarah N. Woods,et al.  “FearNot!”: a computer-based anti-bullying-programme designed to foster peer intervention , 2011 .

[106]  Deborah Richards,et al.  Managing cyber-bullying in online educational virtual worlds , 2013, IE.

[107]  Nick Mavroudis,et al.  The role of drama in education in counteracting bullying in schools , 2016 .

[108]  Ana Paiva,et al.  FearNot!: providing children with strategies to cope with bullying , 2009, IDC.

[109]  Donggil Song,et al.  Interactive Computing Technology in Anti-Bullying Education: The Effects of Conversation-Bot’s Role on K-12 Students’ Attitude Change Toward Bullying Problems , 2020, Journal of Educational Computing Research.

[110]  Iván Martínez-Ortiz,et al.  Serious games to prevent and detect bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic serious games and literature review , 2020, Comput. Educ..

[111]  A. Carroll,et al.  A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. , 2007, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[112]  Robert Slonje,et al.  The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[113]  Noam Lapidot-Lefler,et al.  Comparing cyberbullying and school bullying among school students: prevalence, gender, and grade level differences , 2015 .

[114]  F. Mishna,et al.  Ongoing and Online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying , 2009 .

[115]  M. Boyle,et al.  Cyberbullying Victimization and Adolescent Mental Health: Evidence of Differential Effects by Sex and Mental Health Problem Type , 2017, Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

[116]  S. Limber,et al.  Identifying New Strategies to Assess and Promote Online Health Communication and Social Media Outreach , 2016, Health promotion practice.

[117]  P. Åstedt‐Kurki,et al.  An evaluation of a drama program to enhance social relationships and anti-bullying at elementary school: a controlled study. , 2012, Health promotion international.

[118]  I. Nicolaidou,et al.  Improving Children's E-Safety Skills through an Interactive Learning Environment: A Quasi-Experimental Study , 2020, Multimodal Technol. Interact..

[119]  S. Brewer,et al.  Fearful and Distracted in School: Predicting Bullying among Youths , 2017 .

[120]  Ersilia Menesini,et al.  Anti-bullying programs and Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs): A systematic review , 2015 .

[121]  D. Levesque,et al.  Pilot test of StandUp, an online school-based bullying prevention program , 2016 .

[122]  Vicente J. Llorent,et al.  Victimisation through bullying and cyberbullying: Emotional intelligence, severity of victimisation and technology use in different types of victims , 2018, Psicothema.

[123]  D. Piette,et al.  School-based anti-bullying interventions: Systematic review of the methodology to assess their effectiveness , 2015 .

[124]  Robin M. Kowalski,et al.  Students' perspectives on cyber bullying. , 2007, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[125]  Tanya N. Beran,et al.  Children's Experiences of Cyberbullying: A Canadian National Study , 2015 .

[126]  Henry Lieberman,et al.  Crowdsourced ethics with personalized story matching , 2013, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[127]  S. Menard,et al.  Evaluation of Bully-Proofing Your School as an Elementary School Antibullying Intervention , 2014 .

[128]  Tatsuya Suda,et al.  A Framework to Identify Relationships among Students in School Bullying Using Digital Communication Media , 2011, 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Social Computing.

[129]  Ersilia Menesini,et al.  Evidence-based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of the NoTrap! program in two independent trials. , 2016, Aggressive behavior.

[130]  Peng Wang,et al.  A Combined Motion-Audio School Bullying Detection Algorithm , 2018, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[131]  R. Veenstra,et al.  Refining victims’ self‐reports on bullying: Assessing frequency, intensity, power imbalance, and goal‐directedness , 2020 .

[132]  D. Olweus,et al.  Bullying in School , 2017 .

[133]  Xiaojin Zhu,et al.  Fast learning for sentiment analysis on bullying , 2012, WISDOM '12.

[134]  C. Salmivalli,et al.  The Implementation and Effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program in Finland , 2013 .

[135]  W. Roberts,et al.  The Bully as Victim: Understanding Bully Behaviors To Increase the Effectiveness of Interventions in the Bully-Victim Dyad. , 2000 .

[136]  Victor Cheung,et al.  EmotoTent: Reducing School Violence through Embodied Empathy Games , 2019, IDC.

[137]  Elisheva F. Gross,et al.  Extending the school grounds?--Bullying experiences in cyberspace. , 2008, The Journal of school health.

[138]  Menno D. T. de Jong,et al.  Children's Perspectives on Cyberbullying: Insights Based on Participatory Research , 2013, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[139]  Paula Costa Ferreira,et al.  Responsive bystander behaviour in cyberbullying: a path through self-efficacy , 2019, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[140]  C. Salmivalli,et al.  Heritability of Bullying and Victimization in Children and Adolescents: Moderation by the KiVa Antibullying Program , 2020, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[141]  Santiago Resett,et al.  Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Differences in emotional problems, and personality. Are cyberbullies more Machiavellians? , 2017, Journal of adolescence.

[142]  Lynne Hall,et al.  Design, Development, and Usability of a Virtual Environment on Moral, Social, and Emotional Leaning , 2020, Int. J. Virtual Pers. Learn. Environ..

[143]  Kouichi Sakurai,et al.  Cyberbullying detection using parent-child relationship between comments , 2016, iiWAS.

[144]  Y. T. Chen,et al.  Study of service innovation on School Bullying treatment with inviting Knowledge Management features , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology.