Experimental assessment of solid particle number Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for heavy-duty vehicles applications

Abstract Heavy-duty engines are type approved on engine dynamometers. However, the in-service conformity or in-use compliance is conducted on the road over driving patterns, conditions and payloads defined in the regulation using Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS). In Europe PEMS testing is currently applicable to gaseous emissions only, but the introduction of solid particle number (SPN) PEMS is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles. Although SPN PEMS testing is required for light-duty vehicles, the robustness and the accuracy of the systems for the different conditions of heavy duty vehicles (e.g. higher exhaust gas temperatures, high content of bio-fuels, CNG engines) needs further investigation. This paper describes the experimental assessment of four SPN PEMS models by comparing them to reference regulated laboratory systems. One of the SPN PEMS was circulated to most laboratories. The tests were conducted by heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers in Europe. The results showed that the PEMS measure within 40–65% of the laboratory standards with only minor robustness issues. Thus, they can be included in the in-service conformity regulation taking into account their measurement uncertainty.

[1]  V. Wagner.  Survey of Best Practices in Emission Control of In-Use Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles , 2013 .

[2]  Dirk Dahmann,et al.  Comparability of mobility particle sizers and diffusion chargers , 2013 .

[3]  Michael Arndt,et al.  Sampling of Non-Volatile Vehicle Exhaust Particles: A Simplified Guide , 2012 .

[4]  T. Petäjä,et al.  On Operation of the Ultra-Fine Water-Based CPC TSI 3786 and Comparison with Other TSI Models (TSI 3776, TSI 3772, TSI 3025, TSI 3010, TSI 3007) , 2008 .

[5]  Alexander Bergmann,et al.  Validation of 14 used, re-calibrated and new TSI 3790 condensation particle counters according to the UN-ECE Regulation 83 , 2011 .

[6]  J. Andersson,et al.  Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review , 2012 .

[7]  Alexander Bergmann,et al.  Calibration and accuracy of a particle number measurement system , 2010 .

[8]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Application of a Diffusion Charger for the Measurement of Particle Surface Concentration in Different Environments , 2007 .

[9]  Bonnel Pierre,et al.  Feasibility study on the extension of the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) procedure to Particle Number (PN): Experimental evaluation of portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) with diffusion chargers (DCs) to measure particle number (PN) concentration , 2014 .

[10]  L. Morawska,et al.  Ultrafine particles in cities. , 2014, Environment international.

[11]  How well can aerosol instruments measure particulate mass and solid particle number in engine exhaust? , 2016 .

[12]  Michael Riediker,et al.  Comparative Testing of a Miniature Diffusion Size Classifier to Assess Airborne Ultrafine Particles Under Field Conditions , 2013 .

[13]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  The Effect of Particle Chemical Composition on the Activation Probability in n-Butanol Condensation Particle Counters , 2011 .

[14]  Delphine Bard,et al.  Inter-comparison of personal monitors for nanoparticles exposure at workplaces and in the environment. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[15]  Yoshinori Otsuki,et al.  Portable Emissions Measurement System for Solid Particle Number Including Nanoparticles Smaller than 23 nm , 2017 .

[16]  Jae Hong Park,et al.  Comparison of the DiSCmini Aerosol Monitor to a Handheld Condensation Particle Counter and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer for Submicrometer Sodium Chloride and Metal Aerosols , 2013, Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene.

[17]  O Witschger,et al.  A laboratory study of the performance of the handheld diffusion size classifier (DiSCmini) for various aerosols in the 15-400 nm range. , 2015, Environmental science. Processes & impacts.

[18]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  Review of motor vehicle particulate emissions sampling and measurement: From smoke and filter mass to particle number , 2014 .

[19]  Dirk Dahmann,et al.  Comparability of portable nanoparticle exposure monitors. , 2012, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[20]  Christopher A. Laroo,et al.  Determination of the PEMS Measurement Allowance for PM Emissions Regulated Under the Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine In-Use Testing Program , 2012 .

[21]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Measuring number, mass, and size of exhaust particles with diffusion chargers: The dual Pegasor Particle Sensor , 2016 .

[22]  Giechaskiel Barouch,et al.  Particle Number (PN) - Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS): Heavy Duty Vehicles Evaluation phase at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) , 2016 .

[23]  B. Giechaskiel,et al.  Accuracy of Particle Number Measurements from Partial Flow Dilution Systems , 2011 .

[24]  Robert Caldow,et al.  Evaluation of a condensation particle counter for vehicle emission measurement: Experimental procedure and effects of calibration aerosol material , 2010 .

[25]  Pasi Aalto,et al.  The particle detection efficiency of the TSI-3007 condensation particle counter , 2002 .

[26]  Alireza Afshari,et al.  Measurement of Ultrafine Particles: A Comparison of Two Handheld Condensation Particle Counters , 2004 .

[27]  Heinz Burtscher,et al.  Design, Calibration, and Field Performance of a Miniature Diffusion Size Classifier , 2011 .

[28]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Use of a corona charger for the characterisation of automotive exhaust aerosol , 2004 .

[29]  J. Sunyer,et al.  Field comparison of portable and stationary instruments for outdoor urban air exposure assessments , 2015 .

[30]  Pierre Bonnel,et al.  Assessment of portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) for heavy-duty diesel engines with respect to particulate matter , 2013 .

[31]  Luca Fontana,et al.  Review of measurement techniques and methods for assessing personal exposure to airborne nanomaterials in workplaces. , 2017, The Science of the total environment.

[32]  D. Kittelson.  Engines and nanoparticles: a review , 1998 .

[33]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Evaluation of Portable Number Emission Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications under Steady State and Transient Vehicle Operation Conditions on a Chassis Dynamometer , 2018 .

[34]  Barouch Giechaskiel,et al.  Solid Particle Number Emission Factors of Euro VI Heavy-Duty Vehicles on the Road and in the Laboratory , 2018, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[35]  Heinz Burtscher,et al.  Aerosol Measurement by Induced Currents , 2014 .

[36]  R. Niessner,et al.  Response Characteristics of PMP Compliant Condensation Particle Counters Toward Various Calibration Aerosols , 2015 .