In vivo measurements of facial tissue thicknesses in American caucasoid children.

Ultrasonic determinations were made of facial tissue thicknesses in 50 healthy American caucasoid children, ranging in age from 4 to 15. Twenty measurements were taken at sites along the median, right sagittal, and right lateral planes. A static scanner was used in the B-mode. Three measurements significantly increased with age, the mid-philtrum (rs = 0.43, p less than 0.01) in females, the mental sulcus (rs = 0.30, p less than 0.05) in males, and the frontal eminence (rs = 0.32, p less than 0.05) in both sexes. Moreover, 25% of the measurements, while not statistically significant, decreased with increasing age. These data provide a basis for facial reproductions in caucasoid children.

[1]  W. M. Krogman.  The problem of timing in facial growth, with special reference to period of the changing dentition. , 1951, American journal of orthodontics.

[2]  J L Loomis,et al.  Validity of the ultrasonic technique as a method of measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue. , 1976, Annals of human biology.

[3]  Whittingham Gv.  Measurement of tissue thickness by ultrasound. , 1962 .

[4]  J. Rhine,et al.  Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks. , 1980, Journal of forensic sciences.

[5]  M. Işcan,et al.  Forensic Anthropology: The Structure, Morphology, and Variation of Human Bone and Dentition. Mahmoud Y. El‐Najjar and K. Richard McWilliams. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas , 1979 .

[6]  Snow Cc,et al.  From skull to visage. , 1979 .

[7]  N Y Hoffman.  Edith Potter, MD, PhD: pioneering infant pathology. , 1982, JAMA.

[8]  W. M. Krogman.  The human skeleton in forensic medicine. I. , 1963, Postgraduate medicine.

[9]  R. J. Bartrum,et al.  Gray-scale ultrasound: A manual for physicians and technical personnel , 1977 .

[10]  B. P. Gatliff,et al.  Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: an evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology. , 1970, American journal of physical anthropology.

[11]  J. Silverstein,et al.  Reduced skin thickness with pump administration of insulin. , 1980, The New England journal of medicine.

[12]  G. Dalrymple,et al.  Biological effects of diagnostic ultrasound: a review. , 1978, Radiology.

[13]  B. A. Goddard,et al.  Measurement of fat thickness in man: a comparison of ultrasound, Harpenden calipers and electrical conductivity , 1966, British Journal of Nutrition.

[14]  J. R. Stouffer.  RELATIONSHIP OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS AND X‐RAYS TO BODY COMPOSITION , 1963, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[15]  W. His,et al.  Anatomische Forschungen über Johann Sebastian Bach's Gebeine und Antlitz nebst Bemerkungen über dessen Bilder , 1895 .

[16]  S. A. Lund,et al.  Ultrasonic reflections used for measuring subcutaneous fat in humans. , 1965, Human biology.

[17]  G. Borkan,et al.  Comparison of ultrasound and skinfold measurements in assessment of subcutaneous and total fatness. , 1982, American journal of physical anthropology.