Acoustic confusion of digits in memory and recognition

It has been shown that, contrary to current opinion, digits do not confuse arbitrarily and that similar patterns of confusion are observed in memory and auditory recognition tasks. Two alternative measures of stimulus similarity are compared.

[1]  R. Luce,et al.  A threshold theory for simple detection experiments. , 1963, Psychological review.

[2]  R. Conrad,et al.  Accuracy of recall using keyset and telephone dial, and the effect of a prefix digit. , 1958 .

[3]  R. Sibson.  Order Invariant Methods for Data Analysis , 1972 .

[4]  W. A. Wickelgren,et al.  Distinctive features and errors in short-term memory for English consonants. , 1966, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[5]  P. Padmos,et al.  QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF STRESS IN KRUSKAL'S MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING TECHNIQUE , 1971 .

[6]  DAVID G. KENDALL,et al.  Construction of Maps from “Odd Bits of Information” , 1971, Nature.

[7]  Herbert H. Stenson,et al.  GOODNESS OF FIT FOR RANDOM RANKINGS IN KRUSKAL'S NONMETRIC SCALING PROCEDURE * , 1969 .

[8]  G. A. Miller,et al.  An Analysis of Perceptual Confusions Among Some English Consonants , 1955 .

[9]  P. Altham,et al.  The Measurement of Association of Rows and Columns for an r × s Contingency Table , 1970 .

[10]  N. Jardine,et al.  Two approaches to zoogeography: a study based on the distributions of butterflies, birds and bats in the Indo‐Australian area , 1968 .

[11]  R. Duncan Luce,et al.  Individual Choice Behavior , 1959 .

[12]  Frank R. Clarke,et al.  Constant‐Ratio Rule for Confusion Matrices in Speech Communication , 1957 .

[13]  Robin Sibson,et al.  The Construction of Hierarchic and Non-Hierarchic Classifications , 1968, Comput. J..

[14]  J. Townsend.  Theoretical analysis of an alphabetic confusion matrix , 1971 .

[15]  J. Kruskal.  Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis , 1964 .

[16]  Louis C. W. Pols,et al.  Perceptual analysis from confusions between vowels , 1971 .

[17]  R. M. Cormack,et al.  A Review of Classification , 1971 .

[18]  Byron J. T. Morgan,et al.  Some aspects of ROC curve-fitting: Normal and logistic models , 1972 .

[19]  A. W. Edwards.  The Measure of Association in a 2 × 2 Table , 1963 .

[20]  David G. Kendall,et al.  Some problems and methods in statistical archaeology , 1969 .

[21]  R N SHEPARD,et al.  Analysis of Proximities as a Technique for the Study of Information Processing in Man1 , 1963, Human factors.

[22]  David Klahr,et al.  A monte carlo investigation of the statistical significance of Kruskal's nonmetric scaling procedure , 1969 .

[23]  R. Shepard.  The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. II , 1962 .

[24]  L. A. Goodman.  The Analysis of Cross-Classified Data: Independence, Quasi-Independence, and Interactions in Contingency Tables with or without Missing Entries , 1968 .

[25]  B. Morgan.  Cluster analyses of two acoustic confusion matrices , 1973 .

[26]  R. Conrad,et al.  Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. , 1964 .

[27]  Byron J. T. Morgan,et al.  On Luce's choice axiom , 1974 .

[28]  J. Morton.  7 – A Functional Model for Memory1 , 1970 .

[29]  D. Klatt.  Structure of confusions in short-term memory between English consonants. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[30]  J. Morton,et al.  Experiments with the stimulus suffix effect. , 1971, Journal of experimental psychology.

[31]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Models Of Human Memory , 1970 .

[32]  W. A. Wickelgren,et al.  ACOUSTIC SIMILARITY AND INTRUSION ERRORS IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[33]  R. Conrad.  Errors of immediate memory. , 1959, British journal of psychology.

[34]  S. B. Lyerly.  The average spearman rank correlation coefficient , 1952 .

[35]  R. Conrad.  An Association between Memory Errors and Errors due to Acoustic Masking of Speech , 1962, Nature.

[36]  J. Chang,et al.  Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition , 1970 .

[37]  George Sperling,et al.  6 – Acoustic Similarity and Auditory Short-Term Memory: Experiments and a Model , 1970 .

[38]  James T. Townsend,et al.  Alphabetic confusion: A test of models for individuals , 1971 .

[39]  J. Kruskal.  Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method , 1964 .

[40]  S. C. Johnson.  Hierarchical clustering schemes , 1967, Psychometrika.

[41]  David G. Kendall,et al.  A mathematical approach to seriation , 1970, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.