Safety Analysis of AADL Models for Grid Cyber-Physical Systems via Model Checking of Stochastic Games

As safety-critical systems, grid cyber-physical systems (GCPSs) are required to ensure the safety of power-related systems. However, in many cases, GCPSs may be subject to uncertain and nondeterministic environmental hazards, as well as the variable quality of devices. They can cause failures and hazards in the whole system and may jeopardize system safety. Thus, it necessitates safety analysis for system safety assurance. This paper proposes an architecture-level safety analysis approach for GCPSs applying the probabilistic model-checking of stochastic games. GCPSs are modeled using Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). Random errors and failures of a GCPS and nondeterministic environment behaviors are explicitly described with AADL annexes. A GCPS AADL model including the environment can be regarded as a game. To transform AADL models to stochastic multi-player games (SMGs) models, model transformation rules are proposed and the completeness and consistency of rules are proved. Property formulae are formulated for formal verification of GCPS SMG models, so that occurrence probabilities of failed states and hazards can be obtained for system-level safety analysis. Finally, a modified IEEE 9-bus system with grid elements that are power management systems is modeled and analyzed using the proposed approach.

[1]  Klaus Janschek,et al.  AADL-Based Stochastic Error Propagation Analysis for Reliable System Design of a Medical Patient Table , 2018, 2018 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS).

[2]  Xinghuo Yu,et al.  Smart Grids: A Cyber–Physical Systems Perspective , 2016, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[3]  Marta Z. Kwiatkowska,et al.  PRISM-Games 2.0: A Tool for Multi-objective Strategy Synthesis for Stochastic Games , 2016, TACAS.

[4]  Ning Hu,et al.  Hazard analysis for AADL model , 2014, 2014 IEEE 20th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications.

[5]  Sebastian Junges,et al.  A Storm is Coming: A Modern Probabilistic Model Checker , 2017, CAV.

[6]  Zhuo Lu,et al.  How Can Cyber-Physical Interdependence Affect the Mitigation of Cascading Power Failure? , 2018, IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications.

[7]  Simona Bernardi,et al.  An UML profile for dependability analysis and modeling of software systems , 2008 .

[8]  Anas AlMajali,et al.  A Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Grid Systems against Cyber-Physical Attacks , 2018 .

[9]  Marta Z. Kwiatkowska Model Checking and Strategy Synthesis for Stochastic Games: From Theory to Practice , 2016, ICALP.

[10]  Harry Eugene Stanley,et al.  Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks , 2009, Nature.

[11]  Kai Sun,et al.  An Interaction Model for Simulation and Mitigation of Cascading Failures , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[12]  Yunwei Dong,et al.  QaSten: Integrating Quantitative Verification with Safety Analysis for AADL Model , 2015, 2015 International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering.

[13]  Zhenyu Zhang,et al.  Detectors on Edge Nodes against False Data Injection on Transmission Lines of Smart Grid , 2018, Electronics.

[14]  Saman A. Zonouz,et al.  CPIndex: Cyber-Physical Vulnerability Assessment for Power-Grid Infrastructures , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[15]  Joost-Pieter Katoen,et al.  Safety, Dependability and Performance Analysis of Extended AADL Models , 2011, Comput. J..

[16]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Cyber-Physical Modeling and Cyber-Contingency Assessment of Hierarchical Control Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[17]  Cheng Wang,et al.  Cascading failures in smart grid: Joint effect of load propagation and interdependence , 2015, IEEE Access.

[18]  Taolue Chen,et al.  Automatic Verification of Competitive Stochastic Systems , 2012, TACAS.

[19]  Cheng Wang,et al.  Characterization of Cascading Failures in Interdependent Cyber-Physical Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[20]  Marta Z. Kwiatkowska,et al.  Quantitative verification and strategy synthesis for stochastic games , 2016, European Journal of Control.

[21]  Majeed M. Hayat,et al.  Cascading Failures in Interdependent Infrastructures: An Interdependent Markov-Chain Approach , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[22]  Yunwei Dong,et al.  Overview: System Architecture Virtual Integration based on an AADL Model , 2018, Symposium on Real-Time and Hybrid Systems.

[23]  David K. Y. Yau,et al.  Safety-assured collaborative load management in smart grids , 2014, 2014 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS).

[24]  Dong Liu,et al.  Formal modeling and verification of flexible load control for power grid CPS based on differential dynamic logic , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2).

[25]  Yunwei Dong,et al.  Architecture-level hazard analysis using AADL , 2018, J. Syst. Softw..