Layerwise Relevance Visualization in Convolutional Text Graph Classifiers

Representations in the hidden layers of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are often hard to interpret since it is difficult to project them into an interpretable domain. Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) allow this projection, but existing explainability methods do not exploit this fact, i.e. do not focus their explanations on intermediate states. In this work, we present a novel method that traces and visualizes features that contribute to a classification decision in the visible and hidden layers of a GCN. Our method exposes hidden cross-layer dynamics in the input graph structure. We experimentally demonstrate that it yields meaningful layerwise explanations for a GCN sentence classifier.

[1]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[2]  Mingming Lu,et al.  Interpreting and Understanding Graph Convolutional Neural Network using Gradient-based Attribution Methods , 2019, ArXiv.

[3]  Alexander Binder,et al.  On Pixel-Wise Explanations for Non-Linear Classifier Decisions by Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation , 2015, PloS one.

[4]  Alexander Binder,et al.  Explaining nonlinear classification decisions with deep Taylor decomposition , 2015, Pattern Recognit..

[5]  Max Welling,et al.  Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks , 2016, ICLR.

[6]  Jure Leskovec,et al.  GNNExplainer: Generating Explanations for Graph Neural Networks , 2019, NeurIPS.

[7]  Heiko Hoffmann,et al.  Explainability Methods for Graph Convolutional Neural Networks , 2019, 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[8]  Tomas Mikolov,et al.  Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations , 2017, LREC.

[9]  Daniel King,et al.  ScispaCy: Fast and Robust Models for Biomedical Natural Language Processing , 2019, BioNLP@ACL.

[10]  Luca Antiga,et al.  Automatic differentiation in PyTorch , 2017 .

[11]  Hossein Azizpour,et al.  Explainability Techniques for Graph Convolutional Networks , 2019, ICML 2019.

[12]  Pietro Liò,et al.  Graph Attention Networks , 2017, ICLR.

[13]  Kilian Q. Weinberger,et al.  Simplifying Graph Convolutional Networks , 2019, ICML.

[14]  Wojciech Samek,et al.  Methods for interpreting and understanding deep neural networks , 2017, Digit. Signal Process..

[15]  Mathias Niepert,et al.  Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for Graphs , 2016, ICML.

[16]  Franck Dernoncourt,et al.  PubMed 200k RCT: a Dataset for Sequential Sentence Classification in Medical Abstracts , 2017, IJCNLP.

[17]  Jure Leskovec,et al.  GNN Explainer: A Tool for Post-hoc Explanation of Graph Neural Networks , 2019, ArXiv.

[18]  Klaus-Robert Müller,et al.  "What is relevant in a text document?": An interpretable machine learning approach , 2016, PloS one.