Effects of high-intensity ultrasound on glassy carbon electrodes

Glassy carbon electrodes which have been irradiated with 20-kHz ultrasound from a 475-W generator in dioxane are shown to exhibit enhanced heterogeneous electron-transfer rates for a variety of aqueous redox probes. When sonications are performed in water, however, no significant enhancement effects are observed. Several electroanalytical techniques with different time scales are employed along with scanning electron microscopy to characterize surfaces before and after ultrasonic modification in different solvents. Results indicate that surface roughness does not change appreciably after brief sonication in dioxane, although a small amount of surface pitting occurs

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