Demand Response and Smart Buildings

In this article, we perform a comprehensive survey of the technical aspects related to the implementation of demand response and smart buildings. Specifically, we discuss various smart loads such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs); the power architecture with multibus characteristics; different control algorithms such as the hybrid centralized and decentralized control and the distributed coordination among buildings; the communication technologies and network architectures; and the potential cyber-physical security issues and possible mechanisms for enhancing the system security at both cyber and physical layers. The current status of the demand response in United States, Europe, Japan, and China is reviewed, and the benefits, costs, and challenges of implementing and operating demand response and smart buildings are also discussed.

[1]  Jee-Hoon Jung,et al.  Test bed implementation of 380V DC distribution system using isolated bidirectional power converters , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[2]  J. Neubauer,et al.  Deployment of Behind-The-Meter Energy Storage for Demand Charge Reduction , 2015 .

[3]  Stephan Koch,et al.  Provision of Load Frequency Control by PHEVs, Controllable Loads, and a Cogeneration Unit , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[4]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Resilient Networked Control of Distributed Energy Resources , 2012, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[5]  Hsiao-Hwa Chen,et al.  Smart Grid Communication: Its Challenges and Opportunities , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[6]  J. Torriti,et al.  Demand response experience in Europe: Policies, programmes and implementation , 2010 .

[7]  Peng Xu,et al.  Introduction to Commercial Building Control Strategies and Techniques for Demand Response , 2007 .

[8]  Annabelle Lee,et al.  Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security , 2010 .

[9]  B. T. Patterson,et al.  DC, Come Home: DC Microgrids and the Birth of the "Enernet" , 2012, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[10]  H. Madsen,et al.  Benefits and challenges of electrical demand response: A critical review , 2014 .

[11]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Supplementary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[12]  Yin Chen,et al.  Corrective consensus: Converging to the exact average , 2010, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[13]  Kai Sun,et al.  A Distributed Control Strategy Based on DC Bus Signaling for Modular Photovoltaic Generation Systems With Battery Energy Storage , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[14]  Girish Ghatikar,et al.  Deploying Systems Interoperability and Customer Choice within Smart Grid , 2012 .

[15]  Young-Jin Kim,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of a Variable Speed Heat Pump for Frequency Regulation Through Direct Load Control , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[16]  Hiroaki Kakigano,et al.  Low-Voltage Bipolar-Type DC Microgrid for Super High Quality Distribution , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[17]  Peng Zhao,et al.  Evaluation of commercial building HVAC systems as frequency regulation providers , 2013 .

[18]  J. Torriti,et al.  Price-based demand side management: Assessing the impacts of time-of-use tariffs on residential electricity demand and peak shifting in Northern Italy , 2012 .

[19]  Ning Lu,et al.  An Evaluation of the HVAC Load Potential for Providing Load Balancing Service , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[20]  U. S. N. Renewable.  Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential in the United States: A Detailed Assessment , 2017 .

[21]  Stefan Berger,et al.  vTPM: Virtualizing the Trusted Platform Module , 2006, USENIX Security Symposium.

[22]  Phil Taylor,et al.  Load control of a wind-hydrogen stand-alone power system. , 2006 .

[23]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  DC Microgrids—Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[24]  Xiaohui Liang,et al.  EPPDR: An Efficient Privacy-Preserving Demand Response Scheme with Adaptive Key Evolution in Smart Grid , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[25]  Christoforos N. Hadjicostis,et al.  Distributed algorithms for control of demand response and distributed energy resources , 2011, IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference.

[26]  F.M. Cleveland,et al.  Cyber security issues for Advanced Metering Infrasttructure (AMI) , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[27]  Jacob Beal,et al.  Distributed Control for Small Customer Energy Demand Management , 2010, 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems.

[28]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Parallel AC-DC Converter Interfaces for Hybrid Microgrids , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[29]  Claudio Soriente,et al.  Secure enrollment and practical migration for mobile trusted execution environments , 2013, SPSM '13.

[30]  Yunjie Gu,et al.  Mode-Adaptive Decentralized Control for Renewable DC Microgrid With Enhanced Reliability and Flexibility , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[31]  Andreas Pitsillides,et al.  Survey in Smart Grid and Smart Home Security: Issues, Challenges and Countermeasures , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[32]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  Demand Dispatch and Probabilistic Wind Power Forecasting in Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch: A Case Study of Illinois , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[33]  Jun Dong,et al.  Demand response in China: Regulations, pilot projects and recommendations – A review , 2016 .

[34]  François Bouffard,et al.  Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[35]  P. Cappers,et al.  Demand Response in U.S. Electricity Markets: Empirical Evidence , 2010 .

[36]  Vladimiro Miranda,et al.  Demand Dispatch and Probabilistic Wind Power Forecasting in Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch: A Case Study of Illinois , 2013 .

[37]  E.R. Collins.  An Energy Conversion Laboratory Using Industrial-Grade Equipment , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[38]  Conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century , 2008, IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[39]  Leslie K. Norford,et al.  Demonstration of HVAC chiller control for power grid frequency regulation—Part 1: Controller development and experimental results , 2015 .

[40]  Le Xie,et al.  Coupon Incentive-Based Demand Response: Theory and Case Study , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[41]  Leslie K. Norford,et al.  Experimental Study of Grid Frequency Regulation Ancillary Service of a Variable Speed Heat Pump , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[42]  N. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Microgrids: an overview of ongoing research, development, anddemonstration projects , 2007 .

[43]  J. Zico Kolter,et al.  REDD : A Public Data Set for Energy Disaggregation Research , 2011 .

[44]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Design Considerations of a Centralized Load Controller Using Thermostatically Controlled Appliances for Continuous Regulation Reserves , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[45]  Bill Rose,et al.  Microgrids , 2018, Smart Grids.

[46]  Gregor P. Henze,et al.  Evaluation of commercial building demand response potential using optimal short-term curtailment of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning loads , 2014 .

[47]  David K. Y. Yau,et al.  Scalable Solutions of Markov Games for Smart-Grid Infrastructure Protection , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[48]  T. Ida,et al.  Electricity demand response in Japan:Experimental evidence from a residential photovoltaic power-generation system , 2016 .

[49]  Dushan Boroyevich,et al.  Design of parallel sources in DC distributed power systems by using gain-scheduling technique , 1999, 30th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Record. (Cat. No.99CH36321).

[50]  Na Li,et al.  Optimal demand response based on utility maximization in power networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[51]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  Smart Grid Communications: Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization Activities , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[52]  Francisco de Leon,et al.  Experimental Determination of the ZIP Coefficients for Modern Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Loads , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[53]  Burcin Becerik-Gerber,et al.  A knowledge based approach for selecting energy-aware and comfort-driven HVAC temperature set points , 2014 .

[54]  M. Lisovich,et al.  Privacy Concerns in Upcoming Residential and Commercial Demand-Response Systems , 2008 .

[55]  Taskin Koçak,et al.  Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[56]  Sila Kiliccote,et al.  Design and Operation of an Open, Interoperable Automated Demand Response Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings , 2009, J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng..

[57]  Reza Olfati-Saber,et al.  Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[58]  P. Denholm,et al.  Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Commercial Building Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Breakeven Conditions , 2015 .

[59]  Zhao Xu,et al.  Demand as Frequency Controlled Reserve , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[60]  Vincent W. S. Wong,et al.  Optimal Real-Time Pricing Algorithm Based on Utility Maximization for Smart Grid , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[61]  Lorraine Whitmarsh,et al.  The development of smart homes market in the UK , 2013 .

[62]  Taisuke Masuta,et al.  Supplementary Load Frequency Control by Use of a Number of Both Electric Vehicles and Heat Pump Water Heaters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[63]  J. Aghaei,et al.  Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review , 2013 .

[64]  Carlos Cordeiro.  The pursuit of tens of gigabits per second wireless systems [Industry Perspectives] , 2013, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[65]  Ward Jewell,et al.  Wireless AMI application and security for controlled home area networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[66]  Kai Cai,et al.  Average consensus on general strongly connected digraphs , 2012, Autom..

[67]  Tommi S. Jaakkola,et al.  Approximate Inference in Additive Factorial HMMs with Application to Energy Disaggregation , 2012, AISTATS.

[68]  Gj Raw,et al.  Energy Demand Research Project: final analysis , 2011 .

[69]  Georgios Kalogridis,et al.  Smart Grid Privacy via Anonymization of Smart Metering Data , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[70]  Georgios Mantas,et al.  Security in Smart Home Environment , 2011 .

[71]  C. W. Taylor,et al.  Standard load models for power flow and dynamic performance simulation , 1995 .

[72]  J. Torriti,et al.  A review of the costs and benefits of demand response for electricity in the UK , 2013 .

[73]  Richard M. Murray,et al.  Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and time-delays , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[74]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[75]  Brent Waters,et al.  Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data , 2006, CCS '06.

[76]  Sean P. Meyn,et al.  Ancillary Service to the Grid Through Control of Fans in Commercial Building HVAC Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[77]  Jovan Ilic,et al.  Frequency Instability Problems in North American Interconnections , 2011 .

[78]  Zechun Hu,et al.  Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[79]  Prabal Dutta,et al.  Exploring Powerline Networking for the Smart Building , 2011 .

[80]  Arindam Mukherjee,et al.  A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation , 2012, J. Comput. Networks Commun..

[81]  Yude Yang,et al.  Frequency droop control with scheduled charging of electric vehicles , 2017 .

[82]  Burcin Becerik-Gerber,et al.  User-led decentralized thermal comfort driven HVAC operations for improved efficiency in office buildings , 2014 .

[83]  Goran Strbac,et al.  Demand side management: Benefits and challenges ☆ , 2008 .

[84]  Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli,et al.  Total and Peak Energy Consumption Minimization of Building HVAC Systems Using Model Predictive Control , 2012, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[85]  F. Nozari,et al.  Load modeling for power flow and transient stability computer studies , 1988 .

[86]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Fast linear iterations for distributed averaging , 2003, 42nd IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37475).

[87]  Young-Jin Kim,et al.  Analysis and Experimental Implementation of Grid Frequency Regulation Using Behind-the-Meter Batteries Compensating for Fast Load Demand Variations , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[88]  Anna Scaglione,et al.  From Packet to Power Switching: Digital Direct Load Scheduling , 2012, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[89]  Sungzoon Cho,et al.  Energy-saving decision making framework for HVAC with usage logs , 2015 .

[90]  Christoforos N. Hadjicostis,et al.  Coordination and Control of Distributed Energy Resources for Provision of Ancillary Services , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[91]  Fabrice Locment,et al.  Building Integrated Photovoltaic System With Energy Storage and Smart Grid Communication , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[92]  D.G. Infield,et al.  Stabilization of Grid Frequency Through Dynamic Demand Control , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[93]  Vincent W. S. Wong,et al.  Autonomous Demand-Side Management Based on Game-Theoretic Energy Consumption Scheduling for the Future Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[94]  P. Warren.  A review of demand-side management policy in the UK , 2014 .

[95]  D. Kirschen,et al.  Quantifying the Effect of Demand Response on Electricity Markets , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[96]  Tea Zakula,et al.  Model predictive control for energy efficient cooling and dehumidification , 2013 .

[97]  Stephen B. Wicker,et al.  Inferring Personal Information from Demand-Response Systems , 2010, IEEE Security & Privacy.

[98]  Jianhui Wang,et al.  A Distributed Direct Load Control Approach for Large-Scale Residential Demand Response , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[99]  Zhongfu Tan,et al.  Demand response in China , 2010 .

[100]  Tho Le-Ngoc,et al.  Challenges and research opportunities in wireless communication networks for smart grid , 2013, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[101]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  DC Microgrids—Part I: A Review of Control Strategies and Stabilization Techniques , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[102]  Yongxiu He,et al.  Residential demand response behavior analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation: The case of Yinchuan in China , 2012 .

[103]  G. Hug,et al.  Distributed robust economic dispatch in power systems: A consensus + innovations approach , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.