Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and photodynamic therapy for infections.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was initially discovered over 100 years ago by its ability to kill microorganisms, but its use to treat infections clinically has not been much developed. However, the present relentless increase in antibiotic resistance worldwide and the emergence of strains that are resistant to all known antibiotics has stimulated research into novel antimicrobial strategies such as PDT that are thought to be unlikely to lead to the development of resistance. In this chapter we will cover the use of PDT to kill pathogenic microbial cells in vitro and describe a mouse model of localized infection and its treatment by PDT without causing excessive damage to the host tissue.

[1]  C. Andrews,et al.  Mouse strain-dependent variation in the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection is associated with differences in host response , 1997, Infection and immunity.

[2]  J. V. van Lier,et al.  Photosensitizing activity of water- and lipid-soluble phthalocyanines on Escherichia coli. , 1990, FEMS microbiology letters.

[3]  J. Alexander,et al.  Comparison of translocation of different types of microorganisms from the intestinal tract of burned mice. , 2001, Shock.

[4]  Y. Carmeli,et al.  The Establishment of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Infected Burn-Wound Sepsis Model and the Effect of Imipenem Treatment , 2006, Annals of plastic surgery.

[5]  J. Tomé,et al.  Porphyrin derivatives as photosensitizers for the inactivation of Bacillus cereus endospores , 2009, Journal of applied microbiology.

[6]  W. Manson,et al.  Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. , 1992, The Journal of trauma.

[7]  Touqir Zahra,et al.  Optical monitoring and treatment of potentially lethal wound infections in vivo. , 2003, Journal of Infectious Diseases.

[8]  Jennifer M. Napper,et al.  Defect in early lung defence against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in DBA/2 mice is associated with acute inflammatory lung injury and reduced bactericidal activity in naive macrophages. , 2007, Microbiology.

[9]  J. Fralick,et al.  Phage Therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in a Mouse Burn Wound Model , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[10]  J. H. Parish,et al.  Mechanism of Uptake of a Cationic Water-Soluble Pyridinium Zinc Phthalocyanine across the Outer Membrane ofEscherichia coli , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[11]  S. Schastak,et al.  Improved photoinactivation of gram-negative and gram-positive methicillin-resistant bacterial strains using a new near-infrared absorbing meso-tetrahydroporphyrin: a comparative study with a chlorine e6 photosensitizer photolon. , 2008, Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology.

[12]  B. Fantin,et al.  Contribution of animal models of infection for the evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial agents. , 1997, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[13]  E. Durantini,et al.  Synthesis, properties, and photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli using a cationic and a noncharged Zn(II) pyridyloxyphthalocyanine derivatives. , 2005, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[14]  Á. Villanueva,et al.  Meso-substituted cationic porphyrins as efficient photosensitizers of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. , 1996, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[15]  J D Spikes,et al.  Studies on the mechanism of bacteria photosensitization by meso-substituted cationic porphyrins. , 1996, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[16]  Tayyaba Hasan,et al.  Polycationic photosensitizer conjugates: effects of chain length and Gram classification on the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. , 2002, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[17]  J. H. Parish,et al.  Photoinactivation of bacteria. Use of a cationic water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine to photoinactivate both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. , 1996, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[18]  Michael R Hamblin,et al.  Monitoring photodynamic therapy of localized infections by bioluminescence imaging of genetically engineered bacteria. , 2005, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[19]  Michael R Hamblin,et al.  Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? , 2004, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[20]  L. Lutwick,et al.  Effects of photodynamic action on E. coli. , 1969, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[21]  C. Ryan,et al.  A quantitative model of invasive Pseudomonas infection in burn injury. , 1994, The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation.

[22]  M. Gilmore,et al.  Simplified agar plate method for quantifying viable bacteria. , 1997, BioTechniques.

[23]  Faten Gad,et al.  Targeted photodynamic therapy of established soft-tissue infections in mice , 2004 .

[24]  P. A. Wright,et al.  Photobactericidal activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. , 1998, FEMS microbiology letters.

[25]  J Hanania,et al.  New trends in photobiology (Invited review) bactericidal effects of photoactivated porphyrins ― An alternative approach to antimicrobial drugs , 1990 .

[26]  Vanya Mantareva,et al.  Photodynamic activity of water-soluble phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes against pathogenic microorganisms. , 2007, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[27]  Qian Peng,et al.  An outline of the hundred-year history of PDT. , 2003, Anticancer research.

[28]  Michael R Hamblin,et al.  Effect of Cell-Photosensitizer Binding and Cell Density on Microbial Photoinactivation , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[29]  Daniel A. Caminos,et al.  Mechanisms of Escherichia coli photodynamic inactivation by an amphiphilic tricationic porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumphenyl) porphyrin , 2008, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[30]  Cheng Y. Lin,et al.  INTERFERON-&ggr; PRODUCTION IS SUPPRESSED IN THERMALLY INJURED MICE: DECREASED PRODUCTION OF REGULATORY CYTOKINES AND CORRESPONDING RECEPTORS , 2002, Shock.

[31]  Tayyaba Hasan,et al.  Rapid Control of Wound Infections by Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Monitored by In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging¶ , 2002 .

[32]  J. Alexander,et al.  Relationship between extent of burn injury and magnitude of microbial translocation from the intestine. , 1993, The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation.

[33]  Z. Malik,et al.  Photodynamic inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria: problems and possible solutions. , 1992, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.