Morphometrics and phylogenetics: principal components of shape from cranial modules are neither appropriate nor effective cladistic characters.

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, The University of York, York Y010 5DD, UK Museo di Paleobiologia e dell’Orto Botanico, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Universita 4, 41100, Modena, Italy Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA

[1]  L. R. Monteiro.  Why morphometrics is special: the problem with using partial warps as characters for phylogenetic inference. , 2000, Systematic biology.

[2]  B. Hallgrímsson,et al.  Spatial packing, cranial base angulation, and craniofacial shape variation in the mammalian skull: testing a new model using mice , 2008, Journal of Anatomy.

[3]  Aaron R. Wood,et al.  Modularity of the rodent mandible: Integrating bones, muscles, and teeth , 2008, Evolution & development.

[4]  B. Hallgrímsson,et al.  Epigenetic interactions and the structure of phenotypic variation in the cranium , 2007, Evolution & development.

[5]  C. Cannon,et al.  Combining and comparing morphometric shape descriptors with a molecular phylogeny: the case of fruit type evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae). , 2001, Systematic biology.

[6]  P. Forey,et al.  Morphology, shape and phylogeny , 2002 .

[7]  P. D. Polly.  PALEOPHYLOGEOGRAPHY: THE TEMPO OF GEOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIATION IN MARMOTS (MARMOTA) , 2003 .

[8]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Cranial integration in Homo: singular warps analysis of the midsagittal plane in ontogeny and evolution. , 2003, Journal of human evolution.

[9]  F. Bookstein,et al.  The Evolutionary Role of Modularity and Integration in the Hominoid Cranium , 2008, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[10]  K. de Queiroz,et al.  Phenetic Clustering in Biology: A Critique , 1997, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[11]  P. Goloboff,et al.  Continuous characters analyzed as such , 2006, Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society.

[12]  P. Forey,et al.  Introduction: morphology, shape, and phylogenetics , 2002 .

[13]  F J Rohlf,et al.  On applications of geometric morphometrics to studies of ontogeny and phylogeny. , 1998, Systematic biology.

[14]  Vinícius Bonato,et al.  Evolutionary integration and morphological diversification in complex morphological structures: mandible shape divergence in spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae) , 2005, Evolution & development.

[15]  L. F. Marcus,et al.  Advances in Morphometrics , 1996, NATO ASI Series.

[16]  F James Rohlf.  A comment on phylogenetic correction. , 2006, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[17]  Brian K. Hall,et al.  Homology: The hierarchical basis of comparative biology , 1994 .

[18]  Rolando González-José,et al.  Cladistic analysis of continuous modularized traits provides phylogenetic signals in Homo evolution , 2008, Nature.

[19]  Ichael,et al.  Partial Warps, Phylogeny, and Ontogeny: A Comment on Fink and Zelditch (1995) , 2001 .

[20]  Fred L. Bookstein,et al.  5 – CAN BIOMETRICAL SHAPE BE A HOMOLOGOUS CHARACTER? , 1994 .

[21]  D. Adams,et al.  Partial warps, phylogeny, and ontogeny: a comment on Fink and Zelditch (1995). , 1998, Systematic biology.

[22]  F. James Rohlf,et al.  Comparing Numerical Taxonomic Studies , 1981 .

[23]  P David Polly,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION: SKULL, MANDIBLE, AND MOLAR SHAPE IN MARMOTS (MARMOTA, RODENTIA) , 2005, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[24]  P. David Polly,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION: SKULL, MANDIBLE, AND MOLAR SHAPE IN MARMOTS (MARMOTA, RODENTIA) , 2005, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[25]  J. Felsenstein.  Quantitative characters, phylogenies, and morphometrics , 2002 .

[26]  H. David Sheets,et al.  Geometric morphometrics for biologists : a primer , 2004 .

[27]  Can Partial Warp Scores Be Used as Cladistic Characters , 1996 .

[28]  S. I. Perez,et al.  Nonrandom Factors in Modern Human Morphological Diversification: A Study of Craniofacial Variation in Southern South American Populations , 2009, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[29]  M. Zelditch,et al.  Phylogenetic Analysis of Ontogenetic Shape Transformations: A Reassessment of the Piranha Genus Pygocentrus (Teleostei) , 1995 .

[30]  Sarah Elton,et al.  Does the skull carry a phylogenetic signal? Evolution and modularity in the guenons , 2008 .

[31]  T. Garland,et al.  PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS: A SIMULATION STUDY , 1991, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[32]  F. Rohlf.  Shape Statistics: Procrustes Superimpositions and Tangent Spaces , 1999 .

[33]  Miriam Leah Zelditch,et al.  MORPHOMETRICS, HOMOLOGY, AND PHYLOGENETICS: QUANTIFIED CHARACTERS AS SYNAPOMORPHIES , 1995 .