The Heather Hill landslide: an example of a large scale toppling failure in a natural slope

This paper is an inquiry into the suspected relationship between toppling and large deep-seated landslides along the Beaver Valley, Glacier National Park, British Columbia. The study area includes the Heather Hill landslide, one of several in the valley, and adjacent slopes that show varying degrees of toppling disturbance. The development of the Heather Hill landslide is simulated using the distinct element method of numerical analysis. The rock mass is modelled using deformable columns whose boundaries represent a coarse approximation of in situ discontinuity patterns. An intercalated change in the predominant lithologies and a concomitant change in discontinuity spacings are modelled by varying column thickness and material properties. The analysis confirms that a deep-seated failure surface can develop as a result of the toppling process. The intercalated change in lithologies and the related change in discontinuity spacings account for the curvilinear failure surface and the headscarp position of the...