Biatrial and Three‐Dimensional Mapping of Spontaneous Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients with Refractory Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: While atrial fibrillation (AF) initiation in the pulmonary veins has been well‐studied, simultaneous biatrial and three‐dimensional noncontact mapping (NCM) has not been performed. We hypothesized that these two techniques would provide novel information on triggers, initiation, and evolution of spontaneous AF and permit study of different AF populations.

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