Stable and Unstable Malaria Hotspots in Longitudinal Cohort Studies in Kenya

Philip Bejon and colleagues document the clustering of malaria episodes and malarial parasite infection. These patterns may enable future prediction of hotspots of malaria infection and targeting of treatment or preventive interventions.

[1]  H A Wilkins,et al.  Ability of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes to transmit malaria during the dry and wet seasons in an area of irrigated rice cultivation in The Gambia. , 1991, The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[2]  Robert J Novak,et al.  Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. , 2005, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[3]  S I Hay,et al.  Modelling malaria risk in East Africa at high‐spatial resolution , 2005, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[4]  Nicolas Maire,et al.  What Should Vaccine Developers Ask? Simulation of the Effectiveness of Malaria Vaccines , 2008, PloS one.

[5]  R. Snow,et al.  Case definitions of clinical malaria under different transmission conditions in Kilifi District, Kenya. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[6]  D. Conway,et al.  Breadth and Magnitude of Antibody Responses to Multiple Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Antigens Are Associated with Protection from Clinical Malaria , 2008, Infection and Immunity.

[7]  R. Novak,et al.  Larval Habitat Diversity and Ecology of Anopheline Larvae in Eritrea , 2003, Journal of medical entomology.

[8]  Andreas Mårtensson,et al.  Optimization and validation of multi-coloured capillary electrophoresis for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins (msp1 and 2) , 2009, Malaria Journal.

[9]  Teun Bousema,et al.  Identification of hot spots of malaria transmission for targeted malaria control. , 2010, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[10]  R. Snow,et al.  The trouble with eaves; house entry by vectors of malaria. , 1988, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[11]  M. Woolhouse,et al.  Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157 , 2008, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[12]  C. Dye,et al.  Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  J. Cox,et al.  Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. , 2005, JAMA.

[14]  J. Trape,et al.  Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal. , 1992, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[15]  S. Gopal,et al.  Spatial Analysis of Malaria Incidence at the Village Level in Areas with Unstable Transmission in Ethiopia , 2008 .

[16]  K. Maitland,et al.  Defining Childhood Severe Falciparum Malaria for Intervention Studies , 2007, PLoS medicine.

[17]  A. Walker,et al.  The Urban Spread of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Clues from Spatial Analysis , 2002, Epidemiology.

[18]  Steven W Lindsay,et al.  High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSAT TM satellite imagery. , 2007, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[19]  C. Fraser,et al.  Transmission Dynamics of the Etiological Agent of SARS in Hong Kong: Impact of Public Health Interventions , 2003, Science.

[20]  Pietro Ceccato,et al.  Individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions of Ethiopia. , 2009, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[21]  P. Atkinson,et al.  Opinion — tropical infectious diseases: Urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa , 2005, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[22]  J. Cox,et al.  Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  M. Kulldorff,et al.  A Space–Time Permutation Scan Statistic for Disease Outbreak Detection , 2005, PLoS medicine.

[24]  Chris Newbold,et al.  Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa , 1997, The Lancet.

[25]  Natacha Protopopoff,et al.  Spatial targeted vector control is able to reduce malaria prevalence in the highlands of Burundi. , 2008, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[26]  David L Smith,et al.  Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control , 2007, PLoS biology.

[27]  B. Greenwood,et al.  Mass administrations of antimalarial drugs. , 2003, Trends in parasitology.

[28]  C. Mendis,et al.  The Matola malaria project: a temporal and spatial study of malaria transmission and disease in a suburban area of Maputo, Mozambique. , 1997, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[29]  Elvin Geng,et al.  Changes in the transmission of tuberculosis in New York City from 1990 to 1999. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  Frank C Curriero,et al.  Geographic identification of high gonorrhea transmission areas in Baltimore, Maryland. , 2005, American journal of epidemiology.

[31]  James L Regens,et al.  Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium falciparum transmission along the Kenyan coast. , 2003, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[32]  D. Conway,et al.  Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis , 2008, The Lancet.

[33]  J. Dushoff,et al.  The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children , 2005, Nature.

[34]  A. Ghani,et al.  Modelling the Impact of Artemisinin Combination Therapy and Long-Acting Treatments on Malaria Transmission Intensity , 2008, PLoS medicine.

[35]  Immo Kleinschmidt,et al.  Developing a spatial-statistical model and map of historical malaria prevalence in Botswana using a staged variable selection procedure , 2007, International journal of health geographics.

[36]  C. J. Thomas,et al.  Local-scale variation in malaria infection amongst rural Gambian children estimated by satellite remote sensing. , 2000, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[37]  R. Snow,et al.  Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya , 2008, The Lancet.

[38]  C. Mendis,et al.  Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. , 1991, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[39]  C. Rogier,et al.  Social and environmental malaria risk factors in urban areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso , 2009, Malaria Journal.

[40]  J. Utzinger,et al.  Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of environmental management for malaria control , 2001, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[41]  G. Zou,et al.  A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[42]  Steven W Lindsay,et al.  Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community based incidence survey , 1999, BMJ.

[43]  A. Ellis,et al.  Linking movement and oviposition behaviour to spatial population distribution in the tree hole mosquito Ochlerotatus triseriatus. , 2008, The Journal of animal ecology.

[44]  R. Snow,et al.  Models to predict the intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: applications to the burden of disease in Kenya. , 1998, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[45]  S. Hay.  An overview of remote sensing and geodesy for epidemiology and public health application. , 2000, Advances in parasitology.

[46]  J. Utzinger,et al.  Habitat-based larval interventions: a new perspective for malaria control. , 2008, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[47]  Simon I Hay,et al.  Spatial prediction of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in Somalia , 2008, Malaria Journal.

[48]  H. Mwambi,et al.  Estimating Dispersal and Survival of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus Along the Kenyan Coast by Using Mark–Release–Recapture Methods , 2007, Journal of medical entomology.

[49]  A. Hammer.  Changes in the transmission of tuberculosis in New York. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  Akira Kaneko,et al.  Malaria eradication on islands , 2000, The Lancet.

[51]  J. Cox,et al.  Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya , 2004, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[52]  Natacha Protopopoff,et al.  Spatial targeted vector control in the highlands of Burundi and its impact on malaria transmission , 2007, Malaria Journal.

[53]  B. Lowe,et al.  A Phase 2b Randomised Trial of the Candidate Malaria Vaccines FP9 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP among Children in Kenya , 2006, PLoS clinical trials.

[54]  S. Adjei,et al.  Spatial variation of malaria incidence in young children from a geographically homogeneous area with high endemicity. , 2008, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[55]  Armin Gemperli,et al.  Mapping malaria transmission in West and Central Africa , 2006, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[56]  J. K. Moch,et al.  Purification, Characterization, and Immunogenicity of the Refolded Ectodomain of the Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Expressed in Escherichia coli , 2002, Infection and Immunity.

[57]  I. Kleinschmidt,et al.  Marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. , 2009, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[58]  M. Gatton,et al.  Field epidemiological studies on malaria in a low endemic area in the Philippines. , 1997, Acta tropica.

[59]  Jean Gaudart,et al.  Space-time clustering of childhood malaria at the household level: a dynamic cohort in a Mali village , 2006, BMC public health.

[60]  K. Mendis,et al.  Quantifying genetic and nongenetic contributions to malarial infection in a Sri Lankan population. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  A. Tatem,et al.  Global Data for Ecology and Epidemiology: A Novel Algorithm for Temporal Fourier Processing MODIS Data , 2008, PloS one.

[62]  J Hemingway,et al.  A malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of The Gambia, west Africa. 3. Entomological characteristics of the study area. , 1993, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[63]  Anand P. Patil,et al.  The risks of malariainfection in Kenya in 2009 , 2009, BMC infectious diseases.

[64]  R. Danis-Lozano,et al.  The participation of secondary clinical episodes in the epidemiology of vivax malaria during pre- and post-implementation of focal control in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. , 2009, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[65]  S. Lindsay,et al.  Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. , 2000, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[66]  Chandy C John,et al.  Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors , 2006, Malaria Journal.

[67]  S. Lindsay,et al.  Entomological characteristics of the study area , 1993 .

[68]  D. Conway,et al.  Heritability of Antibody Isotype and Subclass Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Antigens , 2009, PloS one.

[69]  S. Hay,et al.  Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria , 2002, Nature.

[70]  D. Conway,et al.  Human antibodies to recombinant protein constructs of Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and their associations with protection from malaria. , 2004, Vaccine.

[71]  D. Conway,et al.  High levels of serum antibodies to merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria in coastal Kenya. , 2006, Vaccine.

[72]  R. Snow,et al.  Evidence for Over-Dispersion in the Distribution of Clinical Malaria Episodes in Children , 2008, PloS one.

[73]  I. Kleinschmidt,et al.  Use of generalized linear mixed models in the spatial analysis of small-area malaria incidence rates in Kwazulu Natal, South Africa. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[74]  R. Snow,et al.  Heritability of Malaria in Africa , 2005, PLoS medicine.

[75]  A. Tatem,et al.  Terra and Aqua: new data for epidemiology and public health. , 2004, International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal.

[76]  J. Naus.  The Distribution of the Size of the Maximum Cluster of Points on a Line , 1965 .

[77]  Marlize Coleman,et al.  Using the SaTScan method to detect local malaria clusters for guiding malaria control programmes , 2009, Malaria Journal.