Tertiary treatment of dairy industry wastewater with production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass: evaluation of effluent dilution

Secondary wastewaters from the dairy industry may cause eutrophication of water bodies when not properly treated, mainly because they contain nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Tertiary treatment using microalgae could be an adequate solution for Minas Gerais State, the largest Brazilian milk producer, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts, as well as providing biomass for oil extraction, and obtaining active compounds and inputs (including proteins) for animal feeding. In this work, dilutions (with distilled water) of the secondary wastewater from the dairy industry were evaluated to cultivate Chlorella vulgaris in a bench-scale tubular photobioreactor. The results indicate the feasibility of using wastewater from the dairy industry, after secondary treatment, to cultivate microalgae, showing cell growth like that obtained in control cultures (Bold basal medium). The secondary wastewater without dilution (100% wastewater) provided the best condition for biomass production. The biomass obtained in wastewater showed no differences from the biomass obtained in the Bold basal medium (control) in terms of protein, lipid content, or fatty acid profile.

[1]  M. C. Matsudo,et al.  Isolation and Evaluation of Microalgae from Mangrove Area in South Coast of Saopaulo (Brazil) for Lipid Production , 2020 .

[2]  M. C. Matsudo,et al.  Evaluation of Neochloris oleoabundans as sustainable source of oil-rich biomass , 2020, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering.

[3]  Wei-hong Jin,et al.  Effects of organic matters in domestic wastewater on lipid/carbohydrate production and nutrient removal of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under mixotrophic growth conditions , 2019, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.

[4]  L. Beneduce,et al.  Disinfection and nutrient removal in laboratory‐scale photobioreactors for wastewater tertiary treatment , 2019, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.

[5]  M. C. Matsudo,et al.  Semi-continuous process as a promising technique in Ankistrodesmus braunii cultivation in photobioreactor , 2019, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[6]  Yong-Keun Choi,et al.  Microalgal Biomass and Lipid Production on Dairy Effluent Using a Novel Microalga, Chlorella sp. Isolated from Dairy Wastewater , 2018, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.

[7]  H. Tallima,et al.  Arachidonic acid: Physiological roles and potential health benefits – A review , 2017, Journal of advanced research.

[8]  Prabuddha L. Gupta,et al.  Integration of microalgal cultivation system for wastewater remediation and sustainable biomass production , 2016, World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.

[9]  M. C. Matsudo,et al.  An investigation into producing Botryococcus braunii in a tubular photobioreactor , 2016 .

[10]  Zhenhong Yuan,et al.  Cultivation of Chlorella sp. using raw dairy wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production: Characteristics comparison of indoor bench-scale and outdoor pilot-scale cultures. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[11]  Giorgos Markou,et al.  Microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation: the supply of nutrients. , 2014, Water research.

[12]  Xuya Yu,et al.  Enhancing lipid productivity by co-cultivation of Chlorella sp. U4341 and Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10. , 2014, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[13]  Carlos Vaca-Garcia,et al.  Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review , 2014 .

[14]  Richa Kothari,et al.  Production of biodiesel from microalgae Chlamydomonas polypyrenoideum grown on dairy industry wastewater. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[15]  D. P. Singh,et al.  Experimental study for growth potential of unicellular alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa on dairy waste water: an integrated approach for treatment and biofuel production. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[16]  Sunao Sato,et al.  Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactor: Use of no-cost CO2 from ethanol fermentation , 2012 .

[17]  Jo-Shu Chang,et al.  Effects of cultivation conditions and media composition on cell growth and lipid productivity of indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[18]  Ching-Nen Nathan Chen,et al.  Characterization of a green microalga UTEX 2219-4: effects of photosynthesis and osmotic stress on oil body formation. , 2011 .

[19]  Serge R. Guiot,et al.  Integration of microalgae cultivation with industrial waste remediation for biofuel and bioenergy production: opportunities and limitations , 2011, Photosynthesis Research.

[20]  S. Chinnasamy,et al.  Microalgae cultivation in a wastewater dominated by carpet mill effluents for biofuel applications. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[21]  Rashmi,et al.  Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India , 2009 .

[22]  A. Converti,et al.  EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH AND LIPID CONTENT OF NANNOCHLOROPSIS OCULATA AND CHLORELLA VULGARIS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION , 2009 .

[23]  Attilio Converti,et al.  Repeated fed-batch cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis using urea as nitrogen source , 2009 .

[24]  C. Posten,et al.  Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production , 2008, BioEnergy Research.

[25]  H. Hansen,et al.  Determination of nutrients , 2007 .

[26]  Wolfgang Becker,et al.  Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. , 2007 .

[27]  M. P. Sousa Organismos planctônicos de sistemas de lagoas de tratamento de esgotos sanitários como alimento natural na criação de tilápia do Nilo , 2007 .

[28]  Vijay Kale,et al.  Wastewater treatment in dairy industries — possibility of reuse , 2006 .

[29]  Karseno,et al.  Effect of salt concentration on intracellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine microalgae Dunaliella cells. , 2006, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[30]  T. Balasubramanian,et al.  Culture of Marine Microalgae in Shrimp Farm Discharge Water: A Sustainable Approach to Reduce the Cost Production and Recovery of Nutrients , 2006 .

[31]  S. Purton,et al.  Microalgae as bioreactors , 2005, Plant Cell Reports.

[32]  Phang Siew Moi,et al.  Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Biotechnology and Applied Phycology , 2004, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[33]  Manfred Ehrhardt,et al.  Methods of seawater analysis , 1999 .

[34]  L Hartman,et al.  Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. , 1973, Laboratory practice.

[35]  M. C. Matsudo,et al.  Nitrogen supplementation for the production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass in secondary effluent from dairy industry , 2021 .

[36]  R. Bezerra,et al.  Cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis by Fed-Batch Process , 2013 .

[37]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review , 2010 .

[38]  W. Yuan,et al.  Culture of Microalga Botryococcus in Livestock Wastewater , 2008 .

[39]  Dalva Maria da Mota,et al.  Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) , 2008 .

[40]  W. Walker,et al.  Review: the role of omega 3 fatty acids in intestinal inflammation. , 2001, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[41]  L. A. Gioielli,et al.  Padronização do método de secagem da biomassa de Spirulina platensis , 1999 .

[42]  A. Townshend Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, 14th edn. : Sidney Williams (Ed.), AOAC, Arlington VA, 1984 (ISBN 0-935584-24-2). xxvi + 1141 pp. Price $148.50 (U.S.A.), $151.50 (all other countries) , 1987 .

[43]  J. Talling,et al.  Water analysis: Some revised methods for limnologists , 1978 .

[44]  D. Washington,et al.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater , 1971 .