What is the Speed of Transparent and Kinetic-Boundary Displays?

To compare transparent motion and kinetic boundaries with unidirectional motion, in many studies the relative motion is generated by superimposing or adjoining unidirectional motions oriented in opposite directions. The presumption, tacitly underlying this comparison, is that the two oppositely directed velocities are independent of one another as far as their speed is concerned, ie the speed of the relative motion is presumed to be equivalent to the speed of the unidirectional components. Here we report that the relative motion between dots moving in opposite directions augments perceived speed. A constant-stimuli procedure was used to pair transparent-motion or kinetic-boundary displays with unidirectional motion, and human observers were asked to match the speed of the relative and unidirectional motions. The results show that transparency and kinetic boundaries increase the perceived visual speed by about 50%, compared with the speed of the individual components.

[1]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Mutual repulsion between moving visual targets. , 1979, Science.

[2]  G. Orban,et al.  Human velocity and direction discrimination measured with random dot patterns , 1988, Vision Research.

[3]  J. Farber,et al.  Relation between perceived depth and perceived motion in uniform flow fields. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[4]  B. Bruyn.  Blending Transparent Motion Patterns in Peripheral Vision , 1997, Vision Research.

[5]  J. Raymond,et al.  Successive episodes produce direction contrast effects in motion perception , 1998, Vision Research.

[6]  R. Sekuler,et al.  Assimilation and contrast in motion perception: Explorations in cooperativity , 1990, Vision Research.

[7]  O. Braddick,et al.  Direction discrimination for band-pass filtered random dot kinematograms , 1990, Vision Research.

[8]  R. Andersen,et al.  Integration of motion and stereopsis in middle temporal cortical area of macaques , 1995, Nature.

[9]  J J Koenderink,et al.  Perception of Movement and Correlation in Stroboscopically Presented Noise Patterns , 1985, Perception.

[10]  O. Braddick,et al.  Masking of low frequency information in short-range apparent motion , 1990, Vision Research.

[11]  Robert Jefferson Snowden,et al.  Motions in orthogonal directions are mutually suppressive , 1989 .

[12]  Guy Orban,et al.  Illusory, motion, and luminance-defined contours interact in the human visual system , 1994, Vision Research.

[13]  R A Andersen,et al.  The response of area MT and V1 neurons to transparent motion , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[14]  A. Parker,et al.  Spatial properties of disparity pooling in human stereo vision , 1989, Vision Research.

[15]  A. Rosenfeld,et al.  The interaction of luminance, velocity, and shape information in the perception of motion transparency, coherence, and non-rigid motion. , 1993, Spatial Vision.

[16]  John P. Frisby,et al.  Transparency and the uniqueness constraint in human and computer stereo vision , 1990, Nature.

[17]  G J Andersen.  Perception of three-dimensional structure from optic flow without locally smooth velocity. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[18]  W. Curran,et al.  Direction repulsion in transparent and segregated motions , 1998 .

[19]  B Moulden,et al.  Thresholds for Movement Direction: Two Directions are Less Detectable than One , 1983, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[20]  A. Reinhardt-Rutland.  Induced movement in the visual modality: an overview. , 1988 .

[21]  B Julesz,et al.  Stereograms portraying ambiguously perceivable surfaces. , 1968, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  G A Orban,et al.  Discrimination of opposite directions measured with stroboscopically illuminated random-dot patterns. , 1989, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[23]  B. Bruyn.  Asymmetric spatial distributions of motion vectors yield characteristic errors in direction judgements , 1995, Vision Research.

[24]  S. McKee.  A local mechanism for differential velocity detection , 1981, Vision Research.

[25]  O. Braddick.  Segmentation versus integration in visual motion processing , 1993, Trends in Neurosciences.

[26]  A. V. van den Berg,et al.  The role of early mechanisms in motion transparency and coherence. , 1993, Spatial vision.

[27]  A. Reinhardt-Rutland,et al.  Induced movement in the visual modality: an overview. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  R A Andersen,et al.  Transparent motion perception as detection of unbalanced motion signals. III. Modeling , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[29]  P. G. H. Clarke,et al.  Subjective standstill caused by the interaction of moving patterns , 1977, Vision Research.

[30]  G. Orban,et al.  Segregation of spatially superimposed optic flow components. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.