An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks

Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. We develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.

[1]  Gerard J. Foschini,et al.  Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas , 1996, Bell Labs Technical Journal.

[2]  K. J. Ray Liu,et al.  Software radio architecture with smart antennas: a tutorial on algorithms and complexity , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[3]  P. E. Chadwick.  Sensitivity and range in WLAN receivers , 1995 .

[4]  Gregory J. Pottie,et al.  Low power systems for wireless microsensors , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.

[5]  Limin Hu,et al.  Distributed code assignments for CDMA packet radio networks , 1991, IEEE INFCOM '91. The conference on Computer Communications. Tenth Annual Joint Comference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies Proceedings.

[6]  K. Scott,et al.  Routing and channel assignment for low power transmission in PCS , 1996, Proceedings of ICUPC - 5th International Conference on Universal Personal Communications.

[7]  Hari Balakrishnan,et al.  The design and implementation of an intentional naming system , 1999, SOSP.

[8]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LAN's , 1994, SIGCOMM 1994.

[9]  Christian Huitema,et al.  Routing in the Internet , 1995 .

[10]  Anthony Ephremides,et al.  The Design and Simulation of a Mobile Radio Network with Distributed Control , 1984, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[11]  R. Brodersen,et al.  A low-power CMOS chipset for spread spectrum communications , 1996, 1996 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of TEchnical Papers, ISSCC.

[12]  William J. Kaiser,et al.  Low power signal processing architectures for network microsensors , 1997, Proceedings of 1997 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.

[13]  Rex Min,et al.  Power-aware systems , 2000, Conference Record of the Thirty-Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat. No.00CH37154).

[14]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Wireless MPEG-4 video communication on DSP chips , 2000, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[15]  Gregory J. Pottie,et al.  Wireless integrated network sensors , 2000, Commun. ACM.

[16]  Kung Yao,et al.  Blind beamforming on a randomly distributed sensor array system , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[17]  Krishna M. Sivalingam,et al.  A comparison of MAC protocols for wireless local networks based on battery power consumption , 1998, Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98.

[18]  Faouzi Kossentini,et al.  The H.263+ video coding standard: complexity and performance , 1998, Proceedings DCC '98 Data Compression Conference (Cat. No.98TB100225).

[19]  H. Zimmermann,et al.  OSI Reference Model - The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[20]  Chi-Ying Tsui,et al.  Unequal error protection for wireless transmission of MPEG audio , 1999, ISCAS'99. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems VLSI (Cat. No.99CH36349).

[21]  Vijay K. Garg,et al.  Wireless and Personal Communications Systems , 2000 .

[22]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  Dynamic voltage scaling techniques for distributed microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE Computer Society Workshop on VLSI 2000. System Design for a System-on-Chip Era.

[23]  Matthew Ettus,et al.  System capacity, latency, and power consumption in multihop-routed SS-CDMA wireless networks , 1998, Proceedings RAWCON 98. 1998 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (Cat. No.98EX194).

[24]  Shu Lin,et al.  Error control coding : fundamentals and applications , 1983 .

[25]  T.G. Robertazzi,et al.  Communication and computation tradeoffs for a network of intelligent sensors , 1988, [1988] Proceedings. Computer Networking Symposium.

[26]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Distributed Detection and Data Fusion , 1996 .

[27]  David A. Maltz,et al.  A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[28]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[29]  A. M. Abdullah,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1997 .

[30]  Gregory J. Pottie,et al.  Self-organizing distributed sensor networks , 1999, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[31]  D. H. Smithgall,et al.  Toward the 60 gm wireless phone , 1998, Proceedings RAWCON 98. 1998 IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference (Cat. No.98EX194).

[32]  Teresa H. Meng,et al.  Low-power GPS receiver design , 1998, 1998 IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems. SIPS 98. Design and Implementation (Cat. No.98TH8374).

[33]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing , 2001, RFC.

[34]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Application-specific protocol architectures for wireless networks , 2000 .

[35]  Teresa H. Meng,et al.  Distributed network protocols for wireless communication , 1998, ISCAS '98. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.98CH36187).

[36]  Gary J. Minden,et al.  Composing protocol frameworks for active wireless networks , 2000, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[37]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Energy-scalable algorithms and protocols for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37100).

[38]  S. Mattisson,et al.  Bluetooth-a new low-power radio interface providing short-range connectivity , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[39]  David D. Clark,et al.  Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols , 1990, SIGCOMM '90.

[40]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[41]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Adaptive Clustering for Mobile Wireless Networks , 1997, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[42]  M. Budagavi,et al.  Unequal error protection of MPEG-4 compressed video , 1999, Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348).

[43]  M. Wada,et al.  Reversible variable length codes , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[44]  Joachim Hagenauer,et al.  Rate-compatible punctured convolutional codes (RCPC codes) and their applications , 1988, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[45]  S. M. Heemstra de Groot,et al.  Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[46]  L. Williams,et al.  Near Term Digital Radio-a first look , 1996, Proceedings of the 1996 Tactical Communications Conference. Ensuring Joint Force Superiority in the Information Age.

[47]  Pankaj K. Agarwal,et al.  Exact and Approximation Algortihms for Clustering , 1997 .

[48]  J.F. Freiman,et al.  Portable computer power sources , 1994, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.

[49]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[50]  W. Rabiner,et al.  Design considerations for distributed microsensor systems , 1999, Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.99CH36327).

[51]  Didier Le Gall,et al.  MPEG: a video compression standard for multimedia applications , 1991, CACM.

[52]  Samuel T. Chanson,et al.  Protocol architectures for delivering application specific quality of service , 1995, Proceedings of International Conference on Network Protocols.

[53]  Lawrence A. Klein,et al.  Sensor and Data Fusion Concepts and Applications , 1993 .

[54]  A.M. Peterson,et al.  Applications of digital signal processing , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[55]  Kari Järvinen,et al.  GSM EFR based multi-rate codec family , 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '98 (Cat. No.98CH36181).

[56]  D. L. Hall,et al.  Mathematical Techniques in Multisensor Data Fusion , 1992 .

[57]  David Haccoun,et al.  High-rate punctured convolutional codes for Viterbi and sequential decoding , 1989, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[58]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Energy-Scalable Protocols for Battery-Operated MicroSensor Networks , 2001, J. VLSI Signal Process..

[59]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[60]  M. Weiser,et al.  Hot topics-ubiquitous computing , 1993 .

[61]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks , 1999, MobiCom.

[62]  Larry L. Peterson,et al.  Increasing network throughput by integrating protocol layers , 1993, TNET.

[63]  David Wetherall,et al.  Towards an active network architecture , 1996, CCRV.

[64]  R. Ruppe,et al.  Near Term Digital Radio (NTDR) system , 1997, MILCOM 97 MILCOM 97 Proceedings.

[65]  J. Lansford,et al.  The design and implementation of HomeRF: a radio frequency wireless networking standard for the connected home , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[66]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Vibration-to-electric energy conversion , 1999, Proceedings. 1999 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (Cat. No.99TH8477).

[67]  Jonathan R. Agre,et al.  An Integrated Architecture for Cooperative Sensing Networks , 2000, Computer.

[68]  Satish Kumar,et al.  Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks , 1999, MobiCom.

[69]  Travis C. Furrer,et al.  Power aware embedded operating system design , 2000 .

[70]  Hisao Ishibuchi,et al.  Performance evaluation of genetic algorithms for flowshop scheduling problems , 1994, Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence.

[71]  Timothy J. Shepard,et al.  A channel access scheme for large dense packet radio networks , 1996, SIGCOMM '96.

[72]  Gaetano Borriello,et al.  Embedded computation meets the World Wide Web , 2000, Commun. ACM.

[73]  R. Talluri,et al.  Error-resilient video coding in the ISO MPEG-4 standard , 1998, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[74]  Calton Pu,et al.  System support for mobile multimedia applications , 1997, Proceedings of 7th International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV '97).

[75]  Taieb Znati,et al.  A mobility-based framework for adaptive clustering in wireless ad hoc networks , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[76]  Anantha Chandrakasan,et al.  Design and implementation of a scalable encryption processor with embedded variable DC/DC converter , 1999, DAC '99.